浅谈镉镍蓄电池的正确使用

文章主要介绍了正确使用镉镍蓄电池的方法,通过消除蓄电池的＂记忆效应＂,采取慢充电的方式充电,适时检测充电电池的温度和消除单节电池对电池组充电的影响的四种方法,能够有效地延长蓄电池的使用寿命。     

日本长期使用产品标示制度

对日本2009年4月1日起正式实施的“长期使用产品安全标示制度”的宗旨、对象产品和制度具体要求等进行了详细介绍,并提出了我国企业和有关政府部门等应采取的应对措施。     

略论科研院所技术改造项目管理

伴随我国财政体制改革的不断深入和科研事业改革的持续推进,科研院所技术改造资金来源日趋多元化、项目类型日益多样化,由此带来的技术改造项目管理难题也越来越大。试图深入分析科研院所技术改造项目管理的核心环节一项目预算管理、资金使用管理和固定资产管理现存的问题,并对科研院所技术改造项目管理模式创新提出一些粗浅的建议,希望能对科研院所技术改造项目管理工作提供值得借鉴的思路。     

基于系统动力学的区域用水结构模拟研究

作为水资源开发利用的受益主体,各用水部门的用水比例会对水资源开发利用的结构演变产生相当大的影响。以安徽省为例,从安徽省水资源现状出发,以2000年-201年的数据为基础,分析了安徽省的各用水部门的用水现状。并以2008年为基准年,运用系统动力学模型对安徽省2012-2020年的用水结构进行模拟,观察用水结构的变化,模拟结果显示安徽省2012年-2020年工业用水、农业用水和生活用水增加显著,农业部门仍然是用水大户,并以此解析区域用水结构与区域经济发展相互作用机理。     

提高有序用电避峰预案的科学合理和公平性的措施

最近几年,关于智能用电成为世界各地电网建设过程中重点研究的内容和领域,其是未来智能电网系统中的主要发展趋势,对提高电网供电效率和质量有着显著的促进作用。有序用电避峰预案是最近几年在供电企业中应用比较广泛的一种模式,但是其在实际的应用过程中还存在不少问题,需要管理人员及时采取措施将其解决。本文主要结合本人工作实际情况,就有序用电避峰预案执行过程中存在的问题进行分析,并提出了相应的解决对策,希望通过本次研究对更好的提供有序用电避峰预案的科学性和合理性有一定帮助。     

The role of substance use and psychosocial characteristics in explaining unintentional injuries

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the use of various substances and selected psychosocial characteristics with unintentional injury. Cross-sectional data was collected from groups of subjects in treatment for a primary problem with cocaine (n = 300), cannabis (n = 128), alcohol (n = 110), other drugs (n = 35), tobacco (n = 249), or gambling (n = 199). Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on various psychosocial scales (i.e., risk-taking/impulsivity, chronic stress, coping, and social supports), frequency of drug and alcohol use, and unintentional injuries in the year prior to treatment. For the univariate analyses, both frequency of cocaine and cannabis use, risk-taking/impulsivity, stress, and coping were significantly related to injuries. For the multivariate analyses, only risk-taking/impulsivity, stress, age, and sex were significantly related to injuries. The results provide important information regarding factors associated with reported injuries among individuals in addiction treatment.     

Computer simulation of energy use,greenhouse gas emissions,and costs for alternative methods of processing fluid milk

Computer simulation is a useful tool for benchmarking electrical and fuel energy consumption and water use in a fluid milk plant. In this study, a computer simulation model of the fluid milk process based on high temperature, short time (HTST) pasteurization was extended to include models for processes for shelf-stable milk and extended shelf-life milk that may help prevent the loss or waste of milk that leads to increases in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for fluid milk. The models were for UHT processing, crossflow microfiltration (MF) without HTST pasteurization, crossflow MF followed by HTST pasteurization (MF/HTST), crossflow MF/HTST with partial homogenization, and pulsed electric field (PEF) processing, and were incorporated into the existing model for the fluid milk process. Simulation trials were conducted assuming a production rate for the plants of 113.6 million liters of milk per year to produce only whole milk (3.25%) and 40% cream. Results showed that GHG emissions in the form of process-related CO₂ emissions, defined as CO₂ equivalents (e)/kg of raw milk processed (RMP), and specific energy consumptions (SEC) for electricity and natural gas use for the HTST process alone were 37.6 g of CO₂e/kg of RMP, 0.14 MJ/kg of RMP, and 0.13 MJ/kg of RMP, respectively. Emissions of CO₂ and SEC for electricity and natural gas use were highest for the PEF process, with values of 99.1 g of CO₂e/kg of RMP, 0.44 MJ/kg of RMP, and 0.10 MJ/kg of RMP, respectively, and lowest for the UHT process at 31.4 g of CO₂e/kg of RMP, 0.10 MJ/kg of RMP, and 0.17 MJ/kg of RMP. Estimated unit production costs associated with the various processes were lowest for the HTST process and MF/HTST with partial homogenization at $0.507/L and highest for the UHT process at $0.60/L. The increase in shelf life associated with the UHT and MF processes may eliminate some of the supply chain product and consumer losses and waste of milk and compensate for the small increases in GHG emissions or total SEC noted for these processes compared with HTST pasteurization alone. The water use calculated for the HTST and PEF processes were both 0.245 kg of water/kg of RMP. The highest water use was associated with the MF/HTST process, which required 0.333 kg of water/kg of RMP, with the additional water required for membrane cleaning. The simulation model is a benchmarking framework for current plant operations and a tool for evaluating the costs of process upgrades and new technologies that improve energy efficiency and water savings.     

印染厂节能减排实用工艺装备技术(二十二)——中水回用的“源头”控制

介绍了印染厂中水回用技术,指出中水回用水质必须从"源头"控制CODCr浓度和电导率;分析了染整加工用水中CODCr及电导率的成因,以及中水回用对染色的影响。制定合理的染整配方和工艺条件,减少水中残余染料和助剂,采用低盐无盐染色或避盐回用工艺,可从源头降低染整废水中的CODCr浓度和电导率,提高回用中水的水质。     

Great Lakes Levels and Flows: Past and Future

The many analyses of the more than 100 years’ record of Great Lakes levels and of precipitation in the basin are generally assumed to provide a reasonable basis for predicting, statistically, future lake levels. The usefulness of this assumption is questioned because of increasing consumptive use of Great Lakes waters, and probable climatic change over the next century. The International Joint Commission's 1981 report on consumptive use and diversions gives as its most likely scenario an annual growth of 2.7% in consumptive uses. By the year 2035, this would reduce Great Lakes outflows by about 708 m³ (25,000 cfs), with an estimated loss of “$200 million per year in hydro power production.” The climatic effects of the inexorable increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) due mainly to burning of fossil fuels are still difficult to predict. However, the best predictions available suggest that in the next 70 years or so, the mean air temperature in the Great Lakes basin will rise by approximately 3C° and may well be accompanied by slightly less precipitation. Increases in evaporation from the Great Lakes would be equivalent to 7–8% of the mean annual flow of the St. Lawrence. These two factors — increased evaporation and increased consumptive uses — suggest that significantly lower lake levels and flows of interconnecting channels and the St. Lawrence River are likely in the next century.     

苦瓜保健功能及开发利用研究进展

苦瓜具有降血糖、抗氧化、抗菌、抗癌、减肥等功能特性,从苦瓜糖制品、苦瓜饮料、苦瓜酒、苦瓜口含片、苦瓜豆腐、苦瓜冰淇淋等的开发进行论述,为今后对苦瓜开发利用提供依据.