Surface dynamics during latex film formation

Surface dynamics during latex film formation has been investigated theoretically and experimentally by atomic force microscopy. The peak-to-valley distance, y(t), of the latex particles in the surface plane of the latex film decayed exponentially with time during film formation. A theoretical relationship between y(t) and time, t, is given by y(t)=y(0) exp[−t/τ], where y(0) is the value of y(t) when t is zero. τ is a characteristic constant related to the nature of polymer, the particle radius, the surface diffusion coefficient and the temperature. The relationship between the surface diffusion coefficient, D_s, y(0), the radius of the latex particles, R, temperature, T, and τ is given approximately by D_s=1.2×10⁻²⁰y(0)²[2R−y(0)]²T/τ (cm²/s), where the units are manometers for y(0) and R, kelvin for temperature, and seconds for τ. By measuring the decay of y(t) with time, the surface diffusion coefficient can be obtained. The surface diffusion coefficient for a poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butylacrylate) (50:50) copolymer latex film was found to be A×10⁻¹³ cm²/s, A is temperature-dependent.     

Zähmodifizierte Duroplaste mittels Phasen‐kompatibilisierender,Aminoharz‐ummantelter Latex‐Partikel

With a new generation of core‐shell polymer composites, the performance of elastomers and thermoplastics can be combined. Thermosets impact can be modified. At interfaces or positioned in boundary layers of the polymer structure, core‐shell polymer composites can act as a mediator between two phases, even at relatively low content in the matrix. Application parameters of a polymer type, here thermosets, can be positively changed.     

Determination of the leaching rate of Cs from the immobilized low-level radioactive sources in the cement and cement mixed with dolomite grains and with natural pozzolan powder

The leaching rate of ¹³⁴Cs from the immobilized low-level radioactive source in the Portland cement was found to be 4.481 × 10⁻⁴ g/cm² per day. Mixing this cement with dolomite grains and natural pozzolan powder increased and reduced significantly the leaching rate to 7.373 × 10⁻⁴ g/cm² and 3.495 × 10⁻⁴ g/cm² per day for 1 wt% mixing, and to 12.340 × 10⁻⁴ g/cm² and 3.215 × 10⁻⁵ g/cm² per day for 3 wt% mixing, respectively. This increase and reduction of the leaching rate is due to dedolomitization reactions between dolomite grains and cement alkalis, and pozzolanic reaction between pozzolan powder and calcium hydroxide, respectively. It was also found that the application of a latex paint reduced these leaching rates by about 8.8 and 8.2% for cement mixed with dolomite and with pozzolan, respectively. The obtained results help to improve the concrete properties used for the storage and disposal of the low-level radioactive wastes.     

Influence of tapes’ properties on the laser cutting process

Ceramic tapes are used to build 3-dimensional components and microsystems in layer manufacturing. The tapes are individually printed and structured before being stacked and laminated. The structuring process of the tapes affects the maximal resolution of fluidic channels, suspended bridges and beams, which in turn determines the scale of miniaturization of the produced components. The aim of this paper is to investigate if the tape composition can be optimized to improve the cutting resolution of laser cutting, which is a very flexible tool for micromachining. Using the Siemens star pattern, the laser cutting resolution was measured for alumina green tapes of different binder compositions with different laser settings. For all tapes the resolution was better the higher the laser beam velocity. At higher velocity though, a higher number of cutting cycles is necessary to cut the tape. The laser cutting resolution depends on the binder composition, but the laser parameters must also be optimized to achieve high cutting resolution.     

An ESEM investigation of latex film formation in cement pore solution

Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and complementary methods were employed to study the time dependent film formation of a latex dispersion in water and cement pore solution. First, a model carboxylated styrene/n-butyl acrylate latex dispersion possessing a minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) of 18 °C was synthesized in aqueous media via emulsion polymerization. Its film forming property was at a temperature of 40 °C, studied under an ESEM. The analysis revealed that upon removal of water, film formation occurs as a result of particle packing, particle deformation and finally particle coalescence. Film formation is significantly retarded when the latex dispersion is present in cement pore solution. This effect can be ascribed to adsorption of Ca²⁺ ions onto the surface of the anionic latex particles and to interfacial secondary phases. This layer of adsorbed Ca²⁺ ions hinders interdiffusion of the macromolecules and subsequent film formation of the latex polymer.     

Latex bead and colloidal gold applied in a multiplex immunochromatographic assay for high-throughput detection of three classes of antibiotic residues in milk

Two rapid and sensitive high-throughput immunochromatographic assays were successfully developed for simultaneous determination of 12 sulfonamide, 18 quinolone and six tetracycline residues in milk. Under optimized conditions, residues from these three classes of antibiotics can be qualitatively and quantitatively determined on a single strip within 10 min. The detection limits were much lower than the maximum residue limits established by the European Union. Comparative evaluations of sensitivity, antibody consumption, coefficient of variation and user experience between these two immunochromatographic assays showed that latex beads have advantages over colloidal gold when employed as a label in the assay. Therefore, the latex bead-based high-throughput immunochromatographic assay has the best potential for on-site testing of a large number of samples as part of food safety applications.     

Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene onto Polychloroprene Latex for Compatibilization of Polychloroprene Latex/Styrene-Acrylate Emulsion Blends

Grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) onto polychloroprene latex (CRL) was carried out successfully using emulsion polymerization. The chemical structure of the grafted copolymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The compatibilizing effects of the grafted polymer CRL-g-(MMA-co-St) on the CRL/styrene-acrylate emulsion (SAE) blend were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical testing. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the contained CRL-g-(MMA-co-St) blend improved significantly in comparison to those of the simple CRL/SAE blend. For the contained CRL-g-(MMA-co-St) blend, the maximum tensile strength (6.72 MPa) and the maximum elongation at break (1142.6%) were obtained when the content of SAE was 60% (occupied by the total dry weight). At the same content of SAE, the T-peel and lap shear strengths of the contact adhesive derived from the contained CRL-g-(MMA-co-St) blend were 5.3 N/mm (canvas to canvas) and 1.8 MPa (plywood to plywood), respectively. The grafted copolymer CRL-g-(MMA-co-St) showed a remarkable compatibilizing effect on the CRL/SAE blends by drastically improving their mechanical properties.     

胶乳水泥的原子力显微结构研究

利用原子力显微镜对胶乳水泥石和常规水泥石的微观结构进行观察和研究,结果发现:常规水泥浆水化产物颗粒状聚集相尺寸较小,分布较分散,排列疏松;而胶乳水泥样品中颗粒状聚集相尺寸较大,分布较紧密,这是因为胶乳的加入促进了钙矾石的形成和发展.天津胶乳水泥以针状或纤维状物质为主.纹路清晰,定向排列整齐;雪弗龙胶乳水泥也以针状或纤维状物质为主,有少许絮状物质;江苏胶乳水泥絮状物质较多,针状物质较少;常规水泥几乎没有针状物质,有较多粒径小于1μm的块状和絮状物质,且分布不均匀.3种胶乳水泥中,在针状物钙矾石周围附着着海绵状胶乳模结构,此结构能够桥堵微裂缝,并抑制微裂缝的扩散,对于降低失水、控制气窜、提高水泥石塑性和界面胶结强度有较大影响.     

胶乳水泥浆的室内研究及应用

为了有效提高水平井水泥环胶结强度,提高固井质量,通过对现有胶乳添加剂的改善和优选,开发出一种新型胶乳水泥浆体系。对该体系的失水控制、防漏失性能、流变性、稳定性、稠化时间及水泥石力学性能进行了室内实验。实验表明,胶乳水泥浆具有良好的流变性和较高的沉降稳定性,能有效控制失水、防止环空窜流;水泥石的渗透率低、弹性及抗拉强度高、抗冲击能力强;能有效提高第一界面和第二界面的胶结强度,延长水平井寿命。     

Associative behavior of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl celluloses (HMHECs) in waterborne coatings

The associative behavior of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HMHEC) in polymer dispersions has been determined as a function of the composition of both the associative thickener (AT) and the latex. How changes in interaction between HMHEC and the latex influence the rheology of the latex thickener systems is discussed. Adsorption of HMHECs onto an acrylic emulsion strongly depends on the hydrophobe type and degree of substitution, as well as on the molecular weight of the associative thickener. The degree of latex adsorption is influenced dramatically by the stabilization system utilized, that is choice and level of surfactant and carboxylic acid content, in addition to the composition of the monomer mix. Rheological measurements demonstrate that HMHECs of specific composition can provide gloss emulsion paints with a balance of rheological properties, combining excellent levelling with sag resistance.