Catalytic degradation of waste polyolefinic polymers using spent FCC catalyst with various experimental variables

Liquid-phase catalytic degradation of waste polyolefinic polymers (HDPE, LDPE, PP) over spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was carried out at atmospheric pressure with a stirred semi-batch operation. The effect of experimental variables, such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, plastic types and weight ratio of mixed plastic on the yield and accumulative amount distribution of liquid product for catalytic degradation was investigated. The initial rate of catalytic degradation of waste HDPE was linearly increased with catalyst amount (4-12 wt%), while that was exponentially increased with reaction temperature (350-430 ‡C). Spent FCC catalyst in the liquid-phase catalytic degradation of polymer was not deactivated fast. The product distribution from catalytic degradation using spent FCC catalyst strongly depended on the plastic type. The catalytic degradation of mixed plastic (HDPE: LDPE: PP: PS=3: 2: 3: 1) showed lower degradation temperature by about 20 ‡C than that of pure HDPE.     

利用C_5开发叔戊基甲醚

介绍了利用C_5生产汽油抗爆剂叔戊基甲醚的工艺进程。其中KOCH公司开发的催化蒸馏工艺是目前最先进的工艺。我国当前尚未有工业化生产叔戊基甲醚的装置。利用流化催化裂化C_5生产叔戊基甲醚是急待开发的课题。     

超临界乙醇提质生物油的汽油机试验研究

配制了典型的模型油模拟提质产物中的中质成分(沸点为80~200℃),在1台单缸4冲程汽油机上对模型油、模型油-汽油混合燃料及汽油进行试验研究.结果表明:调整化油器结构适当增加供油量,在不改变发动机其他特性的条件下,燃用模型油的动力略微下降,下降幅度在5%以内,能耗率平均下降了8.47%;HC和CO排放远远低于汽油,平均下降了42.97%和66.7%,但NOX和CO2排放明显上升,相对汽油平均分别上升了29.47%和20.17%.对汽油机不作任何调整,燃用模型油体积分数10%(B10)和20%(B20)的混合燃料的动力特性及排放特性一般介于汽油与模型油之间.     

雾霾成因及严寒地区乙醇汽油对雾霾影响

本文通过分析雾霾的组成成分及其形成机理,分别研究了乙醇汽油燃烧产物气溶胶粒子、颗粒物、附加产物(醛酮等)和水分对严寒地带区域性雾霾形成的影响.研究结果表明,乙醇汽油燃烧产物对雾霾的影响也是比较严重的,在严寒地区冬季不建议过量使用乙醇汽油.     

自由活塞汽油直线发电机燃烧过程特性

为了获得自由活塞汽油直线发电机工作过程中的燃烧特性,根据试验测得的活塞运动曲线对其燃烧过程进行了CFD仿真研究,并对比传统发动机分析了两种发动机活塞运动规律差异对燃烧过程的影响规律。研究发现:与传统发动机相比,自由活塞汽油发电机缸内最高燃烧压力和平均温度均较小,且最高燃烧压力保持时间较短,这有助于减少NO污染物;自由活塞直线发电机燃烧放热率呈现"缓和长"的特点,燃烧放热过程等容度较低;自由活塞直线发电机较少的混合气在上止点前完成燃烧,压缩行程负功较小,但由于后燃较严重,其指示效率较传统发动机低。     

大庆F区块挥发性油藏流体特征及影响因素分析

运用气相色谱法对分离油和分离气进行了组成组分及原油物性分析。利用PVTsim得到F区块地层油组成组分,通过模拟多次脱气实验,研究了该区块原油的高压物性参数变化及影响其变化的因素,分析了分离级数及开采条件变化对流体组成及物性的影响。结果表明,该区块地层油具有轻烃(C1~C6)含量高、密度低、收缩性强、溶解气油体积比大的特点;与黑油相比,压力变化对PVT参数的影响更大;油藏流体PVT特征对分离级数具有强烈的敏感性,多级分离时,地层油收缩率较小,脱气量较小,产油量较大;小油嘴开采时,嘴前压力较高,原油中轻质组分脱气相对较少,采出的原油中轻质组分较高,轻质组分更容易被开采出来。     

纳米自组装大孔催化剂对催化裂化柴油的加氢催化性能

采用二次纳米自组装方法制备出具有大孔道的催化剂0106、1227,两种纳米自组装催化剂在30～100 nm孔径分布分别占11％、28％。纳米自组装催化剂具有低堆积密度和高金属含量等特点。在10 mL固定床微型反应器中,以镇海炼化的催化裂化柴油为原料,在温度360℃、压力7 M Pa、氢油体积比为600∶1、体积空速为1．5 h-1条件下,考察了两种纳米自组装催化剂的初活性评价,并与现有工业催化剂作对比。结果表明,两种纳米自组装催化剂0106、1227可使催化裂化柴油的含硫质量分数从12400μg/g分别最低降到483、283μg/g ,最高脱硫率分别为96．10％、97．71％;将含氮质量分数从1507μg/g分别最低降到35．7、14．0μg/g ,最高脱氮率分别为97．63％和99.00％;其最高芳烃饱和率分别为67．99％和68．88％;而参比催化剂仅可使催化裂化柴油的含硫质量分数从12400μg/g最低降到537μg/g ,最高脱硫率为94．57％;将含氮质量分数从1507μg/g最低降到64．6μg/g ,最高脱氮率为95．54％;其最高芳烃饱和率为65．65％。     

High efficient separation of olefin from fluid catalytic cracking naphtha: Separation mechanism and universal simulation method

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) naphtha critical component-oriented separation process is an efficient method to produce ultra-low-sulfur (<10 μg/g) gasoline with minimal loss of octane number (<1 RON). However, the product quality is highly dependent on the structure of the components of FCC naphtha. Aromatics and thiophene sulfides without a methyl side chain favor the separation of olefin. The major impulse of olefin separation is the solvent-induced dipole of aromatics or thiophene sulfides, leading to a “Plane-to-Plane” combination between the solvent and aromatics or thiophene sulfides, accompanied by a steric hindrance due to their side chains. This condition resulted in 2–3 times greater θ of benzene and thiophene compared with that of toluene and 3-methylthiophene. In addition, an improved non-random two-liquid model was proposed based on the above results, and a simulation method for FCC naphtha solvent extraction process was established. The calculation results accorded well with industry data.     

Chemiresistor sensor using elastomer-functionalized carbon nanotube nanocomposites for the detection of gasoline spills

Two types of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)-based elastomer nanocomposites are used as a sensor material for the detection of gasoline spills by applying the interdigitated electrode (IDE) device. MWNT-g-polyisoprene (PI) and Si-MWNT/natural rubber (NR) are prepared by applying “grafting-from” and “grafting-to” process, respectively. When compared based on the identical condition of gasoline sensing test, the maximum response value to the exposure of gasoline is 17.5 for MWNT-g-PI sensor and 12.9 for Si-MWNT/NR sensor, which reach the maximum in less than 3 min. The MWNT-g-PI sensor selectively detects gasoline, and its response is completely reversible. It shows that the longer chain length of PI brings about the larger response of MWNT-g-PI sensor to gasoline. The sensitivity of MWNT-g-PI sensor highly depends on both how much gasoline is exposed to the sensor and what bias voltage is applied to the IDE device. The IDE sensor using MWNT-g-PI nanocomposites effectively detects gasoline spills.     

流化催化裂化油浆综合利用的分析

流化催化裂化（FCC）油浆外甩量通常超过5%,需要脱固处理得到澄清油再利用。本文分析得出了向延迟焦化、溶剂脱沥青、减压蒸馏、加氢等重质油加工装置直接掺炼,局限性较大;利用减压蒸馏、溶剂抽提、超临界流体萃取等工艺,对澄清油“掐头去尾”,分离组分可生产针状焦、环保橡胶填充油、沥青树脂以及碳素纤维等高附加值产品。油浆组分通过延迟焦化制备针状焦,是工业化应用主体方向,但国内产品质量与国外尚有很大差距;油浆制备环保橡胶填充油,在降低环保橡胶油多环芳烃（PCA）和8种危害性稠环芳烃（PAHs）分别至3%和10mg/kg以下的同时,必须提高芳碳率（C_A）值至10%以上来保持橡胶相容性,其收率及生产成本是工业化应用推广的制约因素。