Influences of Connecting Unit Architecture on the Performance of Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Devices

The present work investigates the influence of the n‐type layer in the connecting unit on the performance of tandem organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). The n‐type layer is typically an organic electron‐transporting layer doped with reactive metals. By systematically varying the metal dopants and the electron‐transporting hosts, we have identified the important factors affecting the performance of the tandem OLEDs. Contrary to common belief, device characteristics were found to be insensitive to metal work functions, as supported by the ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy results that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of all metal‐doped n‐type layers studied here have similar energy levels. It suggests that the electron injection barriers from the connecting units are not sensitive to the metal dopant used. On the other hand, it was found that performance of the n‐type layers depends on their electrical conductivities which can be improved by using an electron‐transporting host with higher electron mobility. This effect is further modulated by the optical transparency of constituent organic layers. The efficiency of tandem OLEDs would decrease as the optical transmittance decreases.     

Novel Heteroleptic CuI Complexes with Tunable Emission Color for Efficient Phosphorescent Light‐Emitting Diodes

A series of orange‐red to red phosphorescent heteroleptic Cu^I complexes (the first ligand: 2,2′‐biquinoline (bq), 4,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐biquinoline (dpbq) or 3,3′‐methylen‐4,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐biquinoline (mdpbq); the second ligand: triphenylphosphine or bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (DPEphos)) have been synthesized and fully characterized. With highly rigid bulky biquinoline‐type ligands, complexes [Cu(mdpbq)(PPh₃)₂](BF₄) and [Cu(mdpbq)(DPEphos)](BF₄) emit efficiently in 20 wt % PMMA films with photoluminescence quantum yield of 0.56 and 0.43 and emission maximum of 606 nm and 617 nm, respectively. By doping these complexes in poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVK) or N‐(4‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐3,6‐bis(carbazol‐9‐yl) carbazole (TCCz), phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated with various device structures. The complex [Cu(mdpbq)(DPEphos)](BF₄) exhibits the best device performance. With the device structure of ITO/PEDOT/TCCz:[Cu(mdpbq)(DPEphos)](BF₄) (15 wt %)/TPBI/LiF/Al (III), a current efficiency up to 6.4 cd A^–1 with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.61, 0.39) has been realized. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of efficient mononuclear Cu^I complexes with red emission.     

High Definition Digital Fabrication of Active Organic Devices by Molecular Jet Printing

We introduce a high resolution molecular jet (MoJet) printing technique for vacuum deposition of evaporated thin films and apply it to fabrication of 30 μm pixelated (800 ppi) molecular organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) based on aluminum tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) (Alq₃) and fabrication of narrow channel (15 μm) organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with pentacene channel and silver contacts. Patterned printing of both organic and metal films is demonstrated, with the operating properties of MoJet‐printed OLEDs and OFETs shown to be comparable to the performance of devices fabricated by conventional evaporative deposition through a metal stencil. We show that the MoJet printing technique is reconfigurable for digital fabrication of arbitrary patterns with multiple material sets and high print accuracy (of better than 5 μm), and scalable to fabrication on large area substrates. Analogous to the concept of “drop‐on‐demand” in Inkjet printing technology, MoJet printing is a “flux‐on‐demand” process and we show it capable of fabricating multi‐layer stacked film structures, as needed for engineered organic devices.     

Solution‐Processible Multi‐component Cyclometalated Iridium Phosphors for High‐Efficiency Orange‐Emitting OLEDs and Their Potential Use as White Light Sources

The synthesis and photophysical studies of several multifunctional phosphorescent iridium(III) cyclometalated complexes consisting of the hole‐transporting carbazole and fluorene‐based 2‐phenylpyridine moieties are reported. All of them are isolated as thermally and morphological stable amorphous solids. Extension of the π‐conjugation through incorporation of electron‐pushing carbazole units to the fluorene fragment leads to bathochromic shifts in the emission profile, increases the highest occupied molecular orbital levels and improves the charge balance in the resulting complexes because of the propensity of the carbazole unit to facilitate hole transport. These iridium‐based triplet emitters give a strong orange phosphorescence light at room temperature with relatively short lifetimes in the solution phase. The photo‐ and electroluminescence properties of these phosphorescent carbazolylfluorene‐functionalized metalated complexes have been studied in terms of the coordinating position of carbazole to the fluorene unit. Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) using these complexes as the solution‐processed emissive layers have been fabricated which show very high efficiencies even without the need for the typical hole‐transporting layer. These orange‐emitting devices can produce a maximum current efficiency of ～ 30 cd A^–1 corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of ～ 10 % ph/el (photons per electron) and a power efficiency of ～ 14 lm W^–1. The homoleptic iridium phosphors generally outperform the heteroleptic counterparts in device performance. The potential of exploiting these orange phosphor dyes in the realization of white OLEDs is also discussed.     

国内外催化裂化降硫助剂研究现状及展望

总结了国内外用于催化裂化装置的具有降低催化裂化汽油硫含量作用的助剂及其材料的研究状况,重点介绍了目前催化裂化过程中使用的降硫助剂的脱硫率及其对催化裂化产品分布的影响等.同时指出,采用高效降硫材料直接添加于催化裂化装置,既不影响裂化产品分布和质量,又能有效地降低催化裂化汽油硫含量,是未来降低汽油硫含量的一个有效途径.     

FCC油浆提高废胶粉改性沥青热存储稳定性试验

废胶粉用FCC油浆进行预处理后用于沥青改性,制备出沥青与胶粉间相容性好、高温存储性能稳定的胶粉改性沥青.考察并得出相关工艺条件,同时应用多种评价手段分析改性后沥青的性能,结果表明,预处理后胶粉改性沥青的高温存储性能稳定,低温时柔韧性、抗开裂性能明显提高,高温时稳定性、抗车辙能力及弹性回变性能增强,沥青粘弹区间明显变宽.     

FCC装置主风分布管喷嘴磨损的气相流场分析

用FLUENT流体计算软件对FCC装置再生器树枝状分布管喷嘴流场进行了计算,分析了喷嘴发生磨损的机理.对喷嘴流场的计算表明喷嘴磨损是催化剂颗粒造成的,属于气固两相流冲蚀磨损.由于某些喷嘴的压力降偏低和流场存在偏流,造成催化剂颗粒倒流至喷嘴内部或分布支管内部.催化剂颗粒流经喷嘴时,斜向冲击内壁产生冲蚀磨损.磨损首先发生在喷嘴内壁局部区域,形成圆弧状磨损痕迹,再将喷嘴磨穿,逐渐扩大为整个喷嘴,磨掉喷嘴.这些分析结果可为主风分布管的设计提供帮助.     

干气用作FCC原料雾化介质对反应的影响

在小型固定流化床上采用模拟干气作为反应系统催化剂的流化气(亦即原料雾化气,由干气和水蒸气组成),考察了在不同反应温度、剂油比、空速和反应时间条件下,重油催化裂化产品分布的变化.结果表明,在460～540℃的反应温度范围内、剂油比4～8、空速10～30 h-1,反应时间2～3 s的反应条件下,产品分布和转化率都随流化气中干气比率的增大而发生变化,气体、汽油等轻组分产率降低,柴油和重油的产率升高,焦炭产率的变化规律不明显.而且在反应温度和空速越低、剂油比越大、反应时间越长的条件下,催化裂化反应受干气比率的影响越明显.     

催化裂化汽油固体碱脱硫-固定床脱臭组合工艺的开发

在对活性剂、活化剂等对固体碱脱除硫化氢性能影响研究的基础上,对催化裂化汽油固体碱脱硫-固定床脱臭组合工艺进行了实验室小试,结果表明,固体碱完全可以取代液体碱而用于催化裂化汽油的精制.相对于液体碱洗-固定床脱臭工艺,无论再生前还是再生后,固体碱脱硫-固定床脱臭组合工艺使装置运转时间延长一倍以上.介绍了该组合工艺的流程设计和工业应用.     

FCC待生催化剂多级组合式汽提器的开发

从冷模试验入手,以提高汽提器汽提效率为目标,开发了催化裂化沉降器待生催化剂多级组合式结构汽提器.该技术在着眼于加大汽固接触面积、提高汽固接触效率的同时,在汽提器内用间隔距离较大的挡板实现多级串联式汽提,以减小各区内汽固的返混程度,提高传质效率,从而提高汽提效率.冷模试验研究对比结果表明,新开发的汽提器汽提效率较普通环形挡板式汽提器汽提效率提高10百分点以上.在济南分公司重油催化裂化装置的工业应用结果表明,投用新汽提器后,焦炭中氢质量分数为6%～7%,降低了18.3%,焦炭产率下降0.5百分点.