Fate of trichothecene mycotoxins during the processing: Milling and baking

Toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi representing Fusarium genus are common contaminants in cereals worldwide. To estimate the dietary intake of these trichothecene mycotoxins, information on their fate during cereal processing is needed. Up-to-date techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of seven trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, 15- and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and fusarenon-X) in bread production chain (wheat grains, intermediate products collected during milling and baking process, breads). Regardless of whether the grains were naturally infected or artificially inoculated by Fusarium spp. in the field, the fractions obtained from the grain-cleaning procedure contained the highest mycotoxin levels. During milling the highest concentrations of deoxynivalenol were found in the bran, the lowest in the reduction flours. Baking at 210°C for 14 min had no significant effect on deoxynivalenol levels. The rheological properties of dough measured by fermentograph, maturograph, oven rise recorder, and laboratory baking test were carried out, and based on the obtained results the influence of mycotoxin content on rheological behaviour was investigated.     

Physicochemical properties and application of micronized cornstarch in low fat cream

With normal cornstarch (CS) as material, micronized starch was prepared first by acid hydrolyzed pretreatment and then ball-milling (HMS). A control sample (MS) was prepared by ball-milling without pretreatment. Particle size and shape of micronized starch were investigated, and its application in low fat cream was studied. The Maltase cross of HMS granules almost disappeared and the particle size clearly decreased. It was evident that acid-lintnerised starch granules were more susceptible to break down upon milling. However, the granules would aggregate with an increase in milling time. Compared with full-fat cream, the apparent viscosity of low-fat cream increased, while fat globules partial coalescence rate, overrun and textural properties decreased with the increasing of the fat replacement rate. The average particle size of whipped cream increased with the increase of whipping time. Results indicate that a 15% fat replacement rate would produce cream with good foaming and storage stability.     

Physiological adaptation of Escherichia coli after transfer onto refrigerated ground meat and other solid matrices: A molecular approach

Bacteria on meat are subjected to specific living conditions that differ drastically from typical laboratory procedures in synthetic media. This study was undertaken to determine the behavior of bacteria when transferred from a rich-liquid medium to solid matrices, as is the case during microbial process validation. Escherichia coli cultured in Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) broth to different growth phases were inoculated in ground beef (GB) and stored at 5°C for 12 days or spread onto BHI agar and cooked meat medium (CMM), and incubated at 37°C for several hours. We monitored cell densities and the expression of σ factors and genes under their control over time. The initial growth phase of the inoculum influenced growth resumption after transfer onto BHI agar and CMM. Whatever the solid matrix, bacteria adapted to their new environment and did not perceive stress immediately after inoculation. During this period, the σ(E) and σ(H) regulons were not activated and rpoD mRNA levels adjusted quickly. The rpoS and gadA mRNA levels did not increase after inoculation on solid surfaces and displayed normal growth-dependent modifications. After transfer onto GB, dnaK and groEL gene expression was affected more by the low temperature than by the composition of a meat environment.     

高效液相色谱法同时检测糕点中几种天然甜味剂的探索研究

主要探讨应用高效液相色谱法同时检测月饼、饼干、面包等糕点食品中的甜菊糖苷、甜菊双糖苷、甘草酸、甘草次酸。以Agillent ZOBAX Eclips XDB C18(250×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱为分析柱,确立了糕点中的天然甜味剂甜菊糖苷、甜菊双糖苷、甘草酸、甘草次酸的高效液相色谱检测法。通过三水平六平行的添加回收实验,对方法的回收率和精密度作了分析探讨,结果用外标法定量分析,在所确定的实验条件下,峰面积和标准溶液浓度在5.0-100μg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系,线性系数大于0.999,回收率为80.0%105%,RSD均小于7.5%。本方法方法准确、简捷、耗材低廉,可以应用于糕点中甜菊糖苷、甜菊双糖苷、甘草酸、甘草次酸的同时测定。     

Quantitative analysis of acrylamide in tea by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

An effective sample preparation procedure was optimized and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of acrylamide in tea. [¹³C₃]-acrylamide was used as internal standard. Acrylamide was extracted at 25 °C for 20 min by 10 ml water followed by 10 ml acetonitrile, and then 4 g of magnesium sulfate and 0.5 g of sodium chloride were added to the above mixture under stirring thoroughly. In order to increase the response of acrylamide, 9 ml acetonitrile layer was taken and concentrated to 0.5 ml. Solid-phase extraction with an Oasis MCX cartridge was carried out for clean-up. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1 and 5 ng/ml, respectively. The recovery efficiency of the extraction procedure ranged between 74% and 79%. The levels of acrylamide in 30 tea samples were less than 100 ng/g. Black, oolong, white and yellow tea samples had quite low acrylamide contents (<20 ng/g). Higher acrylamide levels occurred in baked, roasted, and one sun-dried green tea samples (46–94 ng/g).     

高效排阻液相色谱法分析大豆7S和11S球蛋白的分子量和纯度

本文采用SE-HPLC法定量分析大豆7S和11S球蛋白的分子量和纯度。首先,对SE-HPLC的色谱条件进行优化,最佳的SE-HPLC色谱条件是：洗脱液(水/乙腈)70/30,洗脱液流速1.0 ml/min,进样量10μL。其次,绘制分子量分析的标准曲线,分子量标准曲线方程为Log ( M )=-0.2221x+3.8789,线性相关系数为R₂=0.9969。以10倍信噪比确定定量限,得到7S(y=299.59x+3.7712,R₂=0.9792)和11S(y=197.08x+4.1485,R₂=0.9861)纯度分析标准曲线方程。最后根据分子量和纯度分析的标准曲线方程计算大豆7S和11S球蛋白的分子量和纯度。将所提纯的7S和11S样品的分子量与7S和11S标品特征峰分子量进行比对,表明所提纯样品为7S和11S。本试验所制得7S和11S的纯度分别达到86.3%和92.0%。本研究提供了一种快速鉴定大豆7S和11S球蛋白分子量和纯度的方法,对于大豆7S和11S球蛋白提取中的定量鉴定有较大意义。     

甘蔗糖蜜高浓发酵中有机酸对产酒的影响极值研究

以甘蔗糖蜜为原料,利用酵母菌高浓发酵酒精,探索发酵液中的代谢副产物有机酸含量对发酵产酒的影响.在发酵醪液中添加不同量的非氮有机酸,考察其对发酵产酒的影响.初步得出甲酸、乙酸、乳酸添加量对发酵的抑制点为0.15%、0.3%、2.5%,琥珀酸在添加量为3.0%时轻微抑制,添加酒石酸未见有抑制点.     

Determination of vitamin C in tropical fruits: A comparative evaluation of methods

Two analytical methods for extracting vitamin C (l-ascorbic and l-dehydroascorbic acids) in tropical fruits [banana, papaya, mango (at three maturity stages) and pineapple] were evaluated. These methods used ion-pair liquid chromatography (LC) for detecting ascorbic acid, but differed in the preparation of the sample (extraction with 3% metaphosphoric acid −8% acetic acid or 0.1% oxalic acid). Results were validated by comparison with ascorbic acid content obtained by the AOAC’s official titrimetric method, by performing a recovery study and by the determination of within-day repeatability and inter-day reproducibility. There were differences in the efficiency of vitamin C extraction related to the fruit matrix and especially to the maturity stage in climacteric fruits. The LC-extraction method using 3% metaphosphoric acid −8% acetic acid shows high mean recoveries (99 ± 6%) for all matrices assayed, while the LC-extraction method with 0.1% oxalic acid proved to be unacceptable in some cases (unripe, half ripe and ripe banana and ripe mango) obtaining mean recoveries of 39.9 ± 9.1% and 72 ± 13% for banana and mango, respectively. The detection limit achieved with the metaphosphoric acid-acetic acid LC-extraction method for ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/l) allowed the determination of this vitamin in fruits analysed with good precision (5.94–12.8%), making its use as a routine analysis method perfectly valid. Recommendations about storage temperature, methods of thawing l-ascorbic acid extracts and the addition of antioxidants to extracts were made.     

木素—碳水化合物复合体的形成机理及化学结构的研究(Ⅱ)——微晶纤维素和松柏醇-β-D葡萄糖苷存在下DHP的合成

为了探索木素在细胞壁内沉淀过程中与纤维素的相互作用，本研究在微晶纤维素存在下利用松柏醇－β-D－葡萄糖苷在辣根过氧化物酶等的催化作用下合成木素脱氢聚合物（DHP）。采用二氯乙烷－乙醇（2／1，V／V）和8M尿素溶液进行预处理除去与碳水化合物之间没有化合物键连接的DHP，从而获取纯的木素与纤维素的复合物。对提纯后的共聚产物的化学结构用FT－IR以及CP／MAS^13C－NMR进行表征，研究发现：这种共聚物中的DHP不能被二氯乙烷－乙醇（2／1，V／V）和8M尿素溶液所溶解，在该共聚物中具有典型的纤维素结构，又含有芳香族结构，说明DHP和微晶纤维素之间能形成化学键的连接。     

Removal of Salmonella Enteritidis from commercial unpasteurized liquid egg white using pilot scale cross flow tangential microfiltration

Effectiveness of a cross flow microfiltration (MF) process for removal of a cocktail of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis species from commercial unpasteurized liquid egg white (LEW) from a local egg breaking plant, while maintaining its functional properties was evaluated. To facilitate MF, LEW was wedge screened, homogenized and then diluted (1:2 w/w) with distilled water containing 0.5% sodium chloride. Diluted unpasteurized LEW was inoculated with five strains of S. Enteritidis (ATCC 4931, ATCC BAA-708, ATCC 49215, ATCC 49218, and ATCC BAA-1045) to a level of approximately 10⁷ CFU/mL of LEW and microfiltered using a ceramic membrane. Process parameters influencing egg white functional properties and pathogen removal efficiency were evaluated. Average permeates flux increased by almost 126% when pH of LEW was adjusted from pH 8 to pH 7 at 25 °C. Microbial removal efficiency was at least, on average, 6.8 Log₁₀ CFU/mL (limit of detection ≤ 0.5 Log₁₀ CFU/mL). Functional property analysis indicated that the MF process did not alter the foaming power of LEW.