Polymeric pH-sensitive membranes—A review

Significant progress has been achieved in recent years in the field of pH-sensitive membranes. In many cases, pH-sensitive membranes are systems for which the flux, membrane pore size, and solute rejection ratio may be manipulated by changing the pH. This review summarizes recent developments covering the preparation, pH-responsive properties, and applications in various disciplines. The pH-sensitive groups and the evaluation parameters for pH-sensitive membranes are reviewed and discussed. A variety of preparation methodologies, including blending, pore-filling, surface-grafting, and surface-coating techniques are described, and some of their salient features are highlighted. The flat-sheet form and hollow-fiber form pH-sensitive membranes are reviewed. Membrane pore size change and electroviscous effect are discussed. Furthermore, future perspectives of pH-sensitive membranes are discussed.     

多孔型阳极氧化铝膜在纳米结构制备方面的研究和进展

铝的阳极氧化技术是一种被广泛应用的表面处理方法。近年来，人们发现用这种方法得到的多孔型阳极氧化铝膜（PAA）对于纳米材料的制备有着重要意义。成为国际研究的热点，本文回顾和介绍了铝的阳极氧化技术的机理，工艺和生长规律，介绍了多孔型阳极氧化铝膜在纳米结构制备方面的最新研究进展。     

DNA-immobilized porous polysulfone beads for organic compounds and heavy metal ion removal

Sorption and pervaporation experiments were carried outwith PVA/PAA cross-linked membranes for the separation of azeotropic methyl tert-butyl ether and methanol mixtures. The influence of the PVA/PAA ratio and liquid mixture composition were investigated. With increasing PAA content in the membranes, solubilities and fluxes decreased and selectivities increased. Total sorption and fluxes increased with increasing concentration of McOH. Increasing the concentration of McOH resulted in decreasing selectivities. Because of polarity, McOH permeated selectively through the membranes. Sorption results showed the same tendency with pervaporation results.     

Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials for advanced polymer nanocomposites: A comparison study between CNT and graphene

The allotropes of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene) are the most unique and promising substances of the last decade. Due to their nanoscale diameter and high aspect ratio, a small amount of these nanomaterials can produce a dramatic improvement in the properties of their composite materials. Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene exhibit numerous extraordinary properties, their reported commercialization is still limited due to their bundle and layer forming behavior. Functionalization of CNTs and graphene is essential for achieving their outstanding mechanical, electrical and biological functions and enhancing their dispersion in polymer matrices. A considerable portion of the recent publications on CNTs and graphene have focused on enhancing their dispersion and solubilization using covalent and non-covalent functionalization methods. This review article collectively introduces a variety of reactions (e.g. click chemistry, radical polymerization, electrochemical polymerization, dendritic polymers, block copolymers, etc.) for functionalization of CNTs and graphene and fabrication of their polymer nanocomposites. A critical comparison between CNTs and graphene has focused on the significance of different functionalization approaches on their composite properties. In particular, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal behaviors of functionalized nanomaterials as well as their importance in the preparation of advanced hybrid materials for structures, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, drug delivery, etc. have been discussed thoroughly.     

A study of quasi-absolute method in photon activation analysis

Relative methods, which are performed with the assistance of reference materials, are widely used in photon activation analysis(PAA). On the contrary, absolute methods, which are conducted without any reference material, are rarely applied due to the difficulty in obtaining photon flux. To realize absolute measurement in PAA,we retrieve photon flux in the sample via Monte Carlo simulation and raise a novel procedure—quasi-absolute method. With simulated photon flux and cross section data from existing databases, it is possible to calculate the concentration of target elements in the sample straightforwardly. A controlled experiment indicates that results from the quasi-absolute method for certain elements are nearly comparable to relative methods in practice.This technique of absolute measurement has room for improvement in the future and can serve as a validation technique for experimental data on cross sections as well.     

A new multifunctional polymer: Synthesis and characterization of mPEG-b-PAA-grafted chitosan copolymer

A new multifunctional mPEG-b-PAA-grafted chitosan copolymer possessing amino and carboxyl groups, mPEG-b-PAA-g-CHI (compound 6), was designed for a potential application in gene/drug delivery and synthesized by the methods of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and grafting reaction of a biodegradable chitosan (CHI) derivative. Completion of the reactions and characterization of the resulting compounds were demonstrated by ¹H NMR, FTIR and gel permeation chtomatography (GPC) studies. The results show that the molar ratio of amino groups to carboxyl groups in the copolymer (compound 6) is 0.41:0.59.     

多孔氧化铝模板结合sol-gel旋转涂敷法制备PZT纳米管

利用溶胶-凝胶旋转涂敷法在通孔的多孔阳极氧化铝(PAA)模板中制备了锆钛酸铅(PZT)纳米管,研究了溶胶浓度对样品形貌的影响。利用SEM和TEM观察了纳米管阵列和单根纳米管的形貌,采用XRD和EDS图谱分析了纳米管的相结构和化学元素组成。结果表明合成的PZT纳米管结晶良好,具有钙钛矿结构(属于四方晶系);纳米管具有较高的韧性但表面较粗糙,直径和管壁厚度分别约为75和7nm,直径与原始PAA模板的孔径相吻合。在一定范围内调节PZT溶胶的浓度(0.1～0.4mol/L),均能在PAA模板的孔洞中形成PZT多晶纳米管,且组成PZT纳米管的晶粒随着溶胶浓度的增加而变大。     

磷酸氢钙/氨基酸共聚物生物活性复合材料

通过原位聚合法制备了磷酸氢钙/四元氨基酸共聚物(DCP/PAA)复合材料, 并采用XRD和IR方法对其组成结构进行了表征, 用模拟体液和Tris-HCl溶液分别研究了复合材料的体外生物活性和降解性能。结果表明: DCP/PAA复合材料的无机相与有机相存在着一定的相互作用; 聚合反应时间对复合材料的强度有明显的影响, 反应时间越长, PAA的黏度越大, 材料的抗压强度越高; 复合材料具有很好的生物活性, 其表面能够在模拟体液中形成磷灰石层, 新形成磷灰石的Ca与P原子比为1.59, 为缺钙磷灰石; 复合材料能够在Tris-HCl溶液中降解, PAA的黏度对复合材料在Tris-HCl中的降解有一定的影响。复合材料浸泡在Tris-HCl溶液中, 溶液的pH值在浸泡初期略有下降, 但4周后稳定在7.0~7.2, 与人体环境pH值接近。     

凹凸棒石粘土-NH4PAA-水悬浮液流变性研究

研究了聚丙烯酸铵(NH4PAA)用量、离子强度等对凹凸棒石粘土的流变性影响。研究表明，在凹凸棒石粘土悬浮液中添加NH4PAA分散剂可使粘土流变性获得很大的改善。pH为8．5时，添加量为4．5％NH4PAA分散剂，可以制备分散良好的凹凸棒石粘土悬浮液，而且pH提高，分散剂最佳添加量减少。电解质NaCl使凹凸棒石粘土的流变性下降。但NaCl浓度从0．5mol／L变化到1．0mol／L时悬浮液的流变性基本不变。     

多孔阳极氧化铝的化学修饰及其应用于过氧化氢的测定

多孔阳极氧化铝经化学修饰后吸附细胞色素C,制备了过氧化氢生物传感器电极。多孔阳极氧化铝通过电化学和化学腐蚀阻挡层后,用两步无电沉积方法制备了纳米金修饰的多孔阳极氧化铝电极,再在含有L-半胱氨酸的细胞色素C的溶液中通过吸附制备细胞色素C电极。用循环伏安法和计时电流法测试细胞色素C电极的电化学性能及催化对过氧化氢的还原。结果表明,包覆的细胞色素C电极显示较好的稳定性,在扫描速度为80 mV/s时于-50 mV、-190 mV附近出现一对稳定的氧化还原峰。该电极对过氧化氢具有良好的电催化还原性能,在1.5×10-5 mol/L～4.8×10-4 mol/L浓度范围内,电流与浓度呈良好的线性关系。多孔阳极氧化铝经化学修饰后,可应用于生物传感器。