对光伏的两种输出最大功率点追踪法分析

分析了两种最大功率追踪(MPPT)的方法:扰动观察法(Perturbation and Observation,P&O)与功率反馈法。利用仿真模拟并评估了两种方法的性能,二者功率追踪精确性都可以达到99%以上,但是不同的追踪手段会在追踪时间、系统稳定性、实现成本等方面产生不同的影响。本文旨在仿真结果的基础上,对上述问题进行分析与优化。     

光伏组件热斑电池片功率损耗的简化算法研究

热斑故障是光伏组件各类故障中最常见的一种。热斑电池发热越大,热斑故障越严重,对光伏系统的危害越大。针对常见晶硅光伏组件结构,剖析了光伏组件因热斑故障所引起的发热机理,结合单二极管等效电路模型提出一种简化的热斑电池片功率损耗计算方法;分析了光伏组件的不同工作状态,并结合组件的I-V曲线给出了各种工作状态下简化功率损耗算法中的关键参数确定方法。通过对光伏组件热斑电池片实验测试温度和热仿真温度对比,验证了所提简化功率损耗计算方法的准确性。     

Integration of distributed generation systems into generic types of commercial buildings in California

Distributed generation (DG) of combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) has been gaining momentum in recent years as an efficient, secure alternative for meeting increasing power demands in the world. One of the most critical and emerging markets for DG-CCHP systems is commercial and institutional buildings. The present study focuses analysis on the main economic, energy-efficiency, and environmental impacts of the integration of three types of advanced DG technologies (high-temperature fuel cells, micro-turbines, and photovoltaic solar panels) into four types of representative generic commercial building templates (small office building, medium office building, hospital, and college/school) in southern California (e.g., mild climate), using eQUEST as energy simulation tool. Detailed load profiles for the four commercial building types during times of peak electric and peak gas consumption were analyzed and complementary strategies to further increase overall building energy efficiencies such as energy efficiency measures (e.g., day lighting, exterior shading, improved HVAC performance) and thermally activated absorption cooling were also investigated. Results show that the high-temperature fuel cell (HTFC) performance is best matched with the hospital energy loads, resulting in a 98% DG capacity factor, 85% DG heat recovery factor, and $860,000 in energy savings (6 years payback). The introduction of thermally driven double-effect absorption cooling (AC) in the college building with HTFC reduces significantly the building electricity-to-thermal load ratio and boosts the heat recovery factor from 37% to 97%.     

Effects of α-Tocopherol on Oxidative Stability and Phytosterol Oxidation During Heating in Some Regular and High-Oleic Vegetable Oils

The first part of this study evaluated oxidative stability in high-oleic rapeseed oil, palm olein, refined olive oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil and sunflower oil. The results showed oxidative stability in the order: palm olein > high-oleic rapeseed oil > refined olive oil > low erucic acid rapeseed oil > sunflower oil, as determined by the Rancimat method. Addition of α-tocopherol at high levels of up to 0.2% increased the oxidative stability of refined olive oil, whereas the opposite effect was generally observed in the other oil samples. In the second part of the study, high-oleic rapeseed oil, palm olein, refined olive oil and refined olive oil containing 0.2% α-tocopherol were heated for 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at 180 °C. The peroxide and p-anisidine values generally increased over time in the samples, including olive oil containing 0.2% α-tocopherol. High-oleic rapeseed oil contained the highest amount of total sterols and total phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), but during heating the total POPs content increased moderately (~10%), in contrast to the threefold increase after 12 h of heating in palm olein and refined olive oil. Very high levels of 6-hydroxy derivatives of brassicastanol, campestanol and sitostanol and of 7-ketobrassicasterol were observed in high-oleic rapeseed oil samples. Addition of 0.2% α-tocopherol during heating significantly decreased POPs formation in refined olive oil (P < 0.05).     

Experimental investigation and analysis of the hybrid solar collector

Hybrid solar collector is a new and innovative technique to harness all the spectrum of sunlight and hence generate a system to harness sunlight. This project deals with the fabrication of a parabolic trough which suits the required design of the solar collector. This project deals with the study of heat transfer across the receiver tube and mode of heat transfer across the hybrid solar collector, to optimise the design, to minimise the losses and maximise the heat and photon transfer to the receiver and power generating unit. Our aim is to study the heat exchange process across tube and to prevent the heating of solar panels from the radiations emitted by the receiver tube when light is focused on it and direct the working of solar collector to a maximum efficient way. We consider the radiation spectrum of sun to be of different waves and utilising each component of it – that is, visible and UV (consisting most of photons) and infrared (consisting of heating radiation) – and try to segregate them with the help of a water jacket and bring the temperature of the PV panels to an optimum condition.     

风光互补发电制氢系统仿真研究进展

对风光互补发电制氢系统的仿真研究进展做以归纳和总结,针对离网型和并网型两种风光互补制氢系统,分析了国内外的研究手段和方法。其中,考虑到氢气的去向和储能系统的组成特点,离网型制氢系统又细分为直接制氢系统、燃料电池/电解槽复合制氢系统和燃料电池/电解池/超级电容复合制氢系统等多种类型。总结了风光互补发电制氢系统的优化目标及算法。     

光伏组件潜在诱导衰减效应的研究

光伏组件的潜在诱导衰减会减少光伏发电系统对外输出的电能,严重情况下使光伏发电系统瘫痪,几乎不对外输出电能。在温度为85℃和85%湿度条件下,对单块光伏组件模拟光伏发电系统中出现的潜在诱导衰减效应,即组件的铝边框和输出端产生1 000 V的电势差。每隔6 h测试一次组件的电致发光(EL)图像和I-V电性能,实验持续时间为48 h。结果表明:该效应会使组件产生漏电,漏电程度随着实验持续的时间而变得严重。运用电容原理解释潜在诱导衰减产生的物理机制,并采用低介电常数的封装材料制作新的光伏组件,能使组件的功率衰减控制在2%以内,完全具有抗潜在诱导衰减的性能。     

一种改进的电导增量法的MPPT实现策略

分析了传统的电导增量法在光伏MPPT中的原理,并针对光照骤变下而引起光伏输出功率及光伏内阻同时发生骤变这一状况,导致了随后的最大功率追踪发生了较大的振荡,而以往的MPPT技术关注于条件骤变后的跟踪速度的改进,因此提出了一种新的改进方法,即通过及时地对Boost电路的占空比信号D进行相应的补偿。仿真结果表明,该方法可以显著改善振荡同时加快跟踪速度。     

基于决策树的光伏组件故障诊断方法研究

分析了光伏组件在局部阴影或异常老化状态下的输出特性,提出了一种基于决策树算法的光伏组件在线诊断局部阴影或异常老化的判断方法。同时分析了在这两种状态下填充因子FF、斜率因子K和输出电流比Im/Isc的变化规律,结合光伏组件的四个输出参数(最大功率点电压Um和电流Im、开路电压Uoc和短路电流Is)一起作为属性集合,用于提供给决策树生成算法自由选择合适的属性生成故障诊断决策树。实际应用中,只要获得需要的属性数据即可通过生成的决策树诊断出光伏组件的工作状态。实验结果证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

弱电网下光伏发电系统谐振机理研究

光伏发电系统一般都要通过较长的输电线路接入电网,可能会有电网阻抗较高,短路容量较低的情况出现。这些条件会引起光伏并网变流器的系统谐振。围绕弱电网条件下的并网变流器谐振问题展开研究,通过光伏发电系统的数学模型,对弱电网条件引起并网变流器特定次谐波振荡的机理进行分析,研究了影响系统发生谐振的主要因素,并通过仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。