考虑光伏不确定性的安全约束机组组合

基于区间估计理论,提出一种求解考虑光伏出力不确定性的安全约束机组组合(SCUC)方法。对于系统预测误差的不确定性模型,允许所做决策在一定程度上不满足模型约束条件,采用置信度控制不满足约束的风险,并考虑不确定性的极限情况。利用Benders分解算法,将不确定SCUC模型分解为无SCUC和考虑SCUC的线路潮流检测问题,形成适合于混合整数规划问题的主问题和子问题求解的计算方法 ,从经济性和安全性角度实现对考虑光伏不确定性的SCUC问题的优化。以光伏并网的WSCC 9节点、3机组系统为研究对象,在MATLAB编程环境中调用优化软件包CPLEX对混合整数规划问题模型进行求解,结果表明该方法可以简单、高效地解决含光伏及负荷预测误差不确定性的SCUC问题。     

基于综合权重与TOPSIS法的光伏并网影响综合评价

针对现有评价光伏并网影响指标不足或不尽合理的情况,提出了一套更为全面合理的两级化评价指标体系,对于一级和二级指标,分别采用主观赋权法和熵权法求取权重,从而得到二级指标的综合权重。采用综合权重和逼近理想解的排序方法(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)对光伏并网的影响进行评价,不仅可以体现主观赋权的优越性,同时还能充分利用各种数据信息使评价结果更符合实际情况。实例表明,该方法是一种合理有效的评价方法。     

Modelling and simulation-based performance study of a transformerless single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system in Indian ambient conditions

This paper presents a transformerless single-stage full-bridge inverter for a grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS) and its performances based on power loss, efficiency, and total harmonic distortion for the conditions: (a) seasonal variations of inputs in the photovoltaic (PV) system, (b) variation of grid voltage, and (c) variation of carrier frequency and Modulation Index of sinusoidal pulse-width modulation of the inverter. A typical 2.8 kWp, 368 V nominal PV array-based GCPVS is modelled and simulated to evaluate proper load matching in Indian ambient and grid conditions prior to practical implementation. Detailed analyses on system powers, power losses, efficiency, and harmonic distortions as well as selection of parameters for the simulation model are presented. The impacts of penetrating PV power into electric grid are investigated in order to predict the possible unwanted consequences.     

不平衡情况下光伏多电平逆变器的控制策略研究

电网发生不对称故障时,电网电压中存在的负序分量会对光伏并网控制造成影响。为了消除逆变器交流侧电流和直流侧电压的谐波,采用了正、负序独立旋转坐标系的控制方法,做了基于光伏三电平逆变器的电网不平衡情况下的并网控制策略仿真。仿真结果表明采用正、负序独立旋转坐标系的控制方法,逆变器交流侧电流和直流侧电压的谐波得到有效抑制。     

一种增强型单相无变压器型逆变器的漏电流抑制拓扑

无变压器型逆变器相比变压器隔离型逆变器,具有更高的效率和更低的成本,已广泛应用于光伏并网系统。由于去除了变压器隔离,其共模漏电流问题会进一步带来严重的EMI和安全问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种增强型单相无变压器型漏电流抑制拓扑。首先,研究了经典交直流解耦方案中仍然存在的漏电流问题;继而提出了新的拓扑和相应的调制策略;最后,搭建了2 k W的实验平台,对提出新拓扑的有效性进行了验证,并与HERIC逆变器进行了对比分析。     

一种光伏用高升压比高效率直流变换器

以光伏为代表的新能源发电日益受到重视。为提高光伏发电系统的可靠性与发电效率,两级式光伏并网发电系统的前级DC/DC变换器对升压比和效率提出了要求。首先对FIBC拓扑的工作原理、高升压性能、低电力电子器件应力等进行详细分析,与传统Boost电路的对比结果验证了FIBC的优越性;然后建立了Boost和FIBC电路的损耗模型,给出了额定工况下的损耗分布和效率,结果表明同电路参数下FIBC具有更高的效率;接着利用交错控制技术,对FIBC电感参数进行了优化,进一步提高变换器效率;最后给出Boost与FIBC和优化FIBC在不同工作电流下的效率曲线,结果表明优化后FIBC效率提高明显,比Boost更适合用于低压大功率光伏发电系统中。基于Matlab/Simulink平台的仿真结果表明,使用交错技术可以优化电感参数,直流母线输出电压能够稳定在400 V。     

基于MATLAB的光伏电池建模方法的比较

光伏电池的数学模型分为原理模型和工程模型;基于SIMULINK仿真工具建立了两类数学模型的仿真模型,合理地选择参数,得出了光伏电池在不同工作环境下的输出特性曲线.分析比较了两类光伏电池模型特性曲线,仿真结果表明原理模型更精确,但未知参数较多,实用性较差;而工程模型参数少,精确度不高,实用性好.对工程模型精确度不高的原因进行了分析,研究了工程模型中修正系数的典型值,对修正系数的典型值进行调整,改善了工程模型输出特性曲线的精确度,提高了工程模型的通用性.     

On the characterisation of PV inverters' efficiency—introduction to the concept of achievable efficiency

The availability of accurate performance figures for photovoltaic (PV) inverters is of prime importance when it comes to the selection of products, the design of installations or the estimation of the annual yield. This paper proposes an improvement of the current practise by introducing a new quantity to quantify the performance of inverters: the maximal achievable European efficiency. This quantity can be based on the distribution of the annual yield as a function of maximum power point (MPP) power and voltage or on the existing weighting factors of the European efficiency. In a first step, the concept of the required MPP voltage window is introduced on the basis of a detailed analysis of the operating conditions for a typical location in Central Europe. It quantifies the voltage window in which the inverter shall operate and in which the average efficiency shall be calculated. In a second step, a method to process the efficiency measurements as they are now commonly performed is described. By combining the detailed characterisation of the inverter efficiency and the distribution of the annual irradiation as function of the operating conditions, an average and a maximal efficiency over the whole inverter specified MPP voltage range are obtained. They provide a very valuable information about the overall performance of the inverter and about its sensitivity to the plant configuration. As a good compromise between simplicity and accuracy, the proposed concept of achievable European efficiency should be preferred to the current practises. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soiling and other optical losses in solar‐tracking PV plants in navarra

Field data of soiling energy losses on PV plants are scarce. Furthermore, since dirt type and accumulation vary with the location characteristics (climate, surroundings, etc.), the available data on optical losses are, necessarily, site dependent. This paper presents field measurements of dirt energy losses (dust) and irradiance incidence angle losses along 2005 on a solar‐tracking PV plant located south of Navarre (Spain). The paper proposes a method to calculate these losses based on the difference between irradiance measured by calibrated cells on several trackers of the PV plant and irradiance calculated from measurements by two pyranometers (one of them incorporating a shadow ring) regularly cleaned. The equivalent optical energy losses of an installation incorporating fixed horizontal modules at the same location have been calculated as well. The effect of dirt on both types of installations will accordingly be compared. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Global overview on grid‐parity

Grid‐parity is a very important milestone for further photovoltaic (PV) diffusion. A grid‐parity model is presented, which is based on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) coupled with the experience curve approach. Relevant assumptions for the model are given, and its key driving forces are discussed in detail. Results of the analysis are shown for more than 150 countries and a total of 305 market segments all over the world, representing 98.0% of world population and 99.7% of global gross domestic product. High PV industry growth rates enable a fast reduction of LCOE. Depletion of fossil fuel resources and climate change mitigation forces societies to internalize these effects and pave the way for sustainable energy technologies. First grid‐parity events occur right now. The 2010s are characterized by ongoing grid‐parity events throughout the most regions in the world, reaching an addressable market of about 75–90% of total global electricity market. In consequence, new political frameworks for maximizing social benefits will be required. In parallel, PV industry tackle its next milestone, fuel‐parity. In conclusion, PV is on the pathway to become a highly competitive energy technology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.