Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): A versatile and forceful tool for functional membranes

The progress in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) provides an effective means for the design and preparation of functional membranes. Polymeric membranes with different macromolecular architectures applied in fuel cells, including block and graft copolymers are conveniently prepared via ATRP. Moreover, ATRP has also been widely used to introduce functionality onto the membrane surface to enhance its use in specific applications, such as antifouling, stimuli-responsive, adsorption function and pervaporation. In this review, the recent design and synthesis of advanced functional membranes via the ATRP technique are discussed in detail and their especial advantages are highlighted by selected examples extract the principles for preparation or modification of membranes using the ATRP methodology.     

Microporous polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane contactors for CO2 stripping: Effect of PEG-400 in spinning dope

In order to develop the structure of microporous PVDF membranes, PEG-400 was introduced into the polymer dope as a non-solvent additive. The hollow fiber membranes were prepared via a wet phase-inversion process and then used in the membrane contactor modules for CO₂ stripping from water. By addition of different amounts of PEG-400, cloud points of the polymer dope were obtained to examine phase-inversion behavior. From FESEM analysis, the membrane structure changed from a finger-like to an approximately sponge-like morphology with the addition of 4 wt.% of PEG-400. The prepared membranes presented smaller mean pore size (0.13 μm) and significantly higher wetting pressure (550 kPa) compared to the plain membrane. From CO₂ stripping test, at water velocity of 0.4 m/s, the PVDF membranes prepared by 4% PEG-400 demonstrated an approximate CO₂ stripping flux of 4.5 × 10⁻⁵ (mol/m² s) which is 125% higher than the flux of the plain membrane. It could be concluded that structurally developed hydrophobic PVDF hollow fiber membranes can be prepared by a controlled phase-inversion process to enhance the performance of gas–liquid membrane contactor.     

A tubular film extrusion of poly(vinylidene fluoride): structure/process/property behavior as a function of molecular weight

Five different poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) resins spanning the molecular weights from 85,000-250,000 g/mol with nearly comparable polydispersities of ca. 2.0 were investigated with respect to their strain induced crystalline morphologies as produced by a tubular uniaxial film extrusion process. By holding the process time window constant through the use of fixed melt temperature, line speed, quench height and film thickness, it was noted that as molecular weight increased, the uniaxial films produced systematically change from nearly a spherulitic structure to that of an extremely high concentration of fibril nuclei with minimal growth of folded chain lamella developing perpendicular to the fibrils. The systematic variation in the morphology was directly coupled through consideration of the melt process time window in conjunction with the characteristic relaxation time of a given resin at a given temperature. The latter was determined through use of a Carreau-Yasuda analysis of the melt rheological behavior of each resin and this relaxation time, when correlated to the process time, produced a relative Deborah number. It was distinctly shown that when the Deborah number was considerably less than unity, little crystal orientation was observed in the morphological texture whereas in the range of unity, a distinct rise in crystalline orientation occurred leading to fibril nucleation with lamella side growth in the form of the well known row structure morphology. Exceeding a Deborah number of unity led to nearly full crystalline orientation saturation and to a very high concentration of fibril nucleai with relatively few orthogonal lamella observable. The morphological textures were investigated using AFM, WAXS, SALS, SAXS and birefringence. Use of thermal analysis to determine some of the polymorphic character of the PVDF crystal form was also undertaken.     

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes for fluid separation

The importance of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as a membrane material has long been recognised in many membrane processes. Compared to other types of polymeric membranes, the PVDF membranes have received great attention because of its outstanding properties including high hydrophobicity, thermal stability, chemical resistance and excellent mechanical strength. This article provides an overview of recent development in PVDF membrane processes, focussing on the commercial PVDF membrane products for water and wastewater treatment and possible applications of PVDF membranes in areas such as membrane based gas absorption and membrane distillation where no substantial commercial PVDF membrane processes are available so far.     

PbTiO3/PVDF复合材料介电性能及压电性能研究

实验制备了 Pb Ti O3/ PVDF复合材料 ,测试了频率对复合材料介电性能的影响 ,并分析了 Pb Ti O3的体积分数与复合材料介电性能的关系 ;研究了复合材料的压电性能 ;并对样品微观形态进行了分析。     

纳米无机添加剂对聚偏氟乙烯膜的疏水性影响

使用非溶剂致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜,考察了不同铸膜液浓度下PVDF膜的疏水性,研究添加疏水性纳米粒子对PVDF膜疏水性的影响.结果表明:PVDF膜的疏水性随着铸膜液中PVDF含量的升高而降低,疏水性随着纳米颗粒添加量的增大而升高;当铸膜液中PVDF质量分数为10%,纳米SiO2质量分数为2.5%时,PVDF膜的接触角可达136°;当铸膜液中PVDF质量分数为10%,纳米TiO2质量分数为15%时,PVDF膜的接触角可达141°.     

聚偏氟乙烯/碳纳米管复合材料的制备及性能研究

通过溶剂蒸发成膜法制备了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/含镍碳纳米管(Ni-MWNTs)复合材料。对该复合材料的微观结构、结晶行为及热性能进行了研究。结果显示,随MWNTs的加入,PVDF中的β相晶体含量逐渐增加,表明MWNTs作为成核点有利于PVDF中极性相的生成,为提高PVDF基复合材料的铁电性能提供了新的研究方法。     

PVDF/PDDA静电自组装超薄膜的制备与表征

提出了一种制备纳米量级铁电聚合物PVDF/PDDA超薄膜的新方法。聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)和极化处理后的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)复合超薄膜是通过层与层的静电自组装(LbL-SA)方法制备的,厚度约30~150 nm,每层膜厚度约为9 nm。PVDF/PDDA多层膜通过石英晶振微天平(QCM)、红外频谱仪、原子力显微镜(AFM)进行了测试与表征。QCM表征结果表明,PVDF与PDDA超薄膜能较好地交替组装;AFM表明PVDF/PDDA聚合物超薄膜的表面均匀、薄膜致密。与PVDF厚膜的电阻性能相比,PVDF/PDDA复合超薄膜的电阻性能有了很大提高。     

减压膜蒸馏过程与热泵耦合技术研究

采用压缩式热泵回收减压膜蒸馏(VMD)过程的相变热,用于加热减压膜蒸馏系统原料液,并研究VMD过程与热泵耦合技术,以获得二者耦合工作的最佳工艺条件.结果表明:在组件进膜温度为70℃、膜组件面积为0.1 m2、膜蒸馏系统的进料流量为2.0 L/min、原料液加热循环流量为2.3 L/min、蒸汽冷凝循环流量为1.6 L/min、真空度为0.09 MPa条件下,热泵COP为3.08,膜通量为17.8 kg/(m2.h),产水电导率小于10μS/cm.这说明热泵较好地回收减压膜蒸馏过程中的蒸汽潜热,达到了能量循环使用的目的.