基于深度学习的SOFC球壳结构检测方法

为优化固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)制备工艺提供数据支持和理论依据,提出一种基于光学显微镜微观图像的球壳检测方法。在SOFC阳极微观图像上如果出现球壳结构,表明氧化镍(NiO)未完全还原,该现象严重影响电池的电化学性能、稳定性和使用寿命。为此,利用深度学习方法对SOFC光学显微镜图像进行球壳结构检测,分析阳极NiO的还原程度,通过预选框尺度、网络结构及参数的优化来提高检测性能。为充分利用有限的数据训练网络模型,对训练数据进行扩增。实验结果表明,该检测方法可准确有效地检测与识别形状复杂的SOFC阳极球壳结构,具有检测速度快,球壳结构定位精度较高等优点。     

玻璃和云母复合封接SOFC电池堆性能

封接技术是影响平板式固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)发展的关键技术之一。实验中用云母和Bi2O3-BaO-SiO2-RxOy(R=K,Zn,Al2O3,etc.)玻璃复合,将电解质(氧化钇稳定氧化锆,YSZ)支撑的电池和金属连接体(SUS430不锈钢)封接在一起,对封接后电池堆的封接性能和开路电压以及各组元热膨胀性能进行测试。结果表明:云母在室温到720℃的平均热膨胀系数为8.5×10-6 K-1,Bi2O3-BaO-SiO2-RxOy玻璃20℃到520℃的平均热膨胀系数为11.0×10-6/K,与YSZ和金属连接体匹配。云母的层状结构可以缓解因热膨胀系数不同而产生的应力,在高温状态下云母还能起到固定软化玻璃的作用。通过气密性和电性能测试,在电池堆工作状态下气密性良好,在操作温度为800～900℃下运行28小时,电池堆的开路电压(OCV)维持在1.0V以上,复合封料及其两边材料中的元素没有明显扩散。因此,云母和玻璃Bi2O3-BaO-SiO2-RxOy复合封接技术可适用于高温SOFC的封接。     

Preparation of La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.97V0.03O3 − δ films for solid oxide fuel cell application

La_0.8Sr_0.2Cr_0.97V_0.03O_3 − δ (LSC) is commonly studied as a ceramic interconnect material as well as a coating material for metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cell applications. However, it is difficult to sinter this type of material to high density. In order to overcome this problem and to study the material in form of a thin film we have used Pulsed Laser Deposition to obtain a dense, uniform film with the right stochiometry. Investigation of preparation-parameter dependence of the LSC films deposited on a stainless steel substrate during pulsed-laser deposition was carried out. The LSC films were deposited with KrF excimer laser (248 nm) on a stainless steel substrate at different oxygen pressure and substrate temperatures. The substrate temperature (873-1073 K) and the oxygen background pressure (5-20 Pa) were varied in order to obtain optimal growth conditions. The surface morphology and structural information of the films were obtained using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Under the optimal preparation-parameter conditions: substrate temperature of 1023 K and an oxygen pressure of 10 Pa the structure of the film agreed with the target structure and the SEM micrographs show that the surfaces are homogeneous, smooth, crack-free and dense.     

Crystal structure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity of Nd0.7Sr0.3Fe1−xCoxO3 (0≤x≤0.8)

The crystal structure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity of the solid solution Nd_0.7Sr_0.3Fe_1−xCo_xO₃ for 0≤x≤0.8 were investigated. All compositions had the GdFeO₃-type orthorhombic perovskite structure. The lattice parameters were determined at room temperature by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The pseudo-cubic lattice constant decreased continuously with x. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) in the temperature range from 573 to 973 K was found to increase with x. The thermal expansion curves for all values of x displayed rapid increase in slope at high temperatures. The electrical conductivity increased with x for the entire temperature range of measurement. The calculated activation energy values indicate that electrical conduction takes place primarily by the small polaron hopping mechanism. The charge compensation for the divalent ion on the A-site is provided by the formation of Fe⁴⁺ ions on the B-site (in preference to Co⁴⁺ ions) and vacancies on the oxygen sublattice for low values of x. The large increase in the conductivity with x in the range from 0.6 to 0.8 is attributed to the substitution of Fe⁴⁺ ions by Co⁴⁺ ions. The Fe site has a lower small polaron site energy than Co and hence behaves like a carrier trap, thereby drastically reducing the conductivity. The non-linear behaviour in the dependence of log σT with reciprocal temperature can be attributed to the generation of additional charge carriers with increasing temperature by the charge disproportionation of Co³⁺ ions.     

燃料电池分布式冷热电联供技术的研究及应用

燃料电池分布式多联供技术(冷热电联供)具有高效、超低废气排放量、低噪声等优点,应用前景广阔。综述了燃料电池分布式冷热电联供技术的研究和应用现状,从技术角度将两种处于优势地位的燃料电池(PEMFC和SOFC)在建筑物中的应用进行了对比分析,并指出了燃料电池分布式多联供技术的研究方向。     

两种不同阴极材料的固体氧化物燃料电池

研制了两种不同阴极材料的固体氧化物燃料电池Pt|YSZ|Ag和LSM |YSZ|Ag ,并测试了电池的开路电压与运行温度的变化关系。由实验可知 ,随着温度的升高电池的开路电压增大 ,它们的变化趋势不仅受温度的影响 ,还与阴极材料的结构、导电性能和反应机制有关。Pt|YSZ|Ag中电池Pt阴极具有电子导电性 ,电化学反应有效区域局限在三相界面 ,但Pt催化活性高 ,Pt|YSZ|Ag具有较好的中温输出性能。LSM |YSZ|Ag电池中LSM阴极具有电子 离子混合导电性 ,其电化学反应有效区域由三相界面扩展到两相界面 ,但在温度较低时LSM催化活性较低 ,在较高温度下才有高催化活性 ,因而LSM |YSZ|Ag在高温下输出性能明显提高     

Degradation of LaSr2Fe2CrO9−δ solid oxide fuel cell anodes in phosphine-containing fuels

The performance and stability of La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-δ-electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cells with composite LaSr₂Fe₂CrO_9-δ-Gd_0.1Ce_0.9O₂ anodes were studied in wet H₂ and coal syngas containing phosphine impurity. Introduction of 5-20 ppm PH₃ into the fuels caused an initial slow cell performance degradation followed by a very rapid complete cell degradation that initiated within 11-24 h - earlier at higher PH₃ concentration. There was no recovery after removing PH₃ impurity from the fuels. Electrochemical impedance analysis suggested that the initial gradual performance degradation was due to conductivity loss of the oxide anode due to chemisorption and reaction of phosphine. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of FeP_x and LaPO₄ compounds. The rapid degradation presumably occurred when most or all of the Fe initially present in the LaSr₂Fe₂CrO_9−δ was consumed. Thermodynamic calculations confirmed that Fe is highly reactive with PH₃ at 800 °C, even at concentrations below 1 ppm.     

Evaluation of porous 430L stainless steel for SOFC operation at intermediate temperatures

In this paper a 430L porous stainless steel is evaluated for possible SOFC applications. Recently, there are extensive studies related to dense stainless steels for fuel cell purposes, but only very few publications deal with porous stainless steel. In this report porous substrates, which are prepared by die-pressing and sintering in hydrogen of commercially available 430L stainless steel powders, are investigated. Prepared samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and cyclic thermogravimetry in air and humidified hydrogen at 400 °C and 800 °C. The electrical properties of steel and oxide scale measured in air are investigated as well. The results show that at high temperatures porous steel in comparison to dense steel behaves differently. It was found that porous 430L has reduced oxidation resistance both in air and in humidified hydrogen. This is connected to its high surface area and grain boundaries, which after sintering are prone to oxidation. Formed oxide scale is mainly composed of iron oxide after the oxidation in air and chromium oxide after the oxidation in humidified hydrogen. In case of dense substrates only chromium oxide scale usually occurs. Iron oxide is also a cause of relatively high area-specific resistance, which reaches the literature limit of 100 mΩ cm² when oxidizing in air only after about 70 h at 800 °C.     

Novel alkaline earth silicate sealing glass for SOFC: Part II. Sealing and interfacial microstructure

This is the second part of a study of a novel Sr–Ca–Ni–Y–B silicate sealing glass for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Part I of the study addresses the effect of NiO on glass forming, thermal, and mechanical properties, and is presented in the preceding paper. In this paper (part II), candidate composite glass with 10 vol.% NiO was tested for sealing standard coupons of Ni/YSZ anode-supported YSZ electrolyte bilayer and metallic interconnect Crofer22APU at various temperatures. Samples sealed at the highest temperature (1050 °C) showed hermetic seal after fully reduction and 10 thermal cycles. The interfacial microstructure characterization showed no distinct reactions at the interfaces of glass/YSZ or glass/metal, though some segregation of Ni was found along the glass/metal interface. Possible reactions were discussed. Overall the composite glass with 10 vol.% NiO appeared to be a good candidate for SOFC sealing.     

Off-design analysis of SOFC hybrid system

This paper sets out the results of mathematical modeling and numerical simulations of the off-design (part-load) operation of the solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system (SOFC-HS).