A comparison of SWAT, HSPF and SHETRAN/GOPC for modelling phosphorus export from three catchments in Ireland

Recent extensive water quality surveys in Ireland revealed that diffuse phosphorus (P) pollution originating from agricultural land and transported by runoff and subsurface flows is the primary cause of the deterioration of surface water quality. P transport from land to water can be described by mathematical models that vary in modelling approach, complexity and scale (plot, field and catchment). Here, three mathematical models (soil water and analysis tools (SWAT), hydrological simulation program-FORTRAN (HSPF) and système hydrologique Européen TRANsport (SHETRAN)/grid oriented phosphorus component (GOPC)) of diffuse P pollution have been tested in three Irish catchments to explore their suitability in Irish conditions for future use in implementing the European Water Framework Directive. After calibrating the models, their daily flows and total phosphorus (TP) exports are compared and assessed. The HSPF model was the best at simulating the mean daily discharge while SWAT gave the best calibration results for daily TP loads. Annual TP exports for the three models and for two empirical models were compared with measured data. No single model is consistently better in estimating the annual TP export for all three catchments.     

北庙水源地土地利用变化对水文要素影响的研究

选用保山市日气象观测数据和北庙水源地水库坝上径流资料,结合北庙水源地内的土地利用数据、土壤数据和DEM数据,构建其SWAT分布式水文模型,研究水源地三期不同土地利用方式变化对水文要素的影响。结果表明:在模型率定期和验证期,R2数分别为0.70和0.72,模型效率系数均大于0.55,径流模拟值与实测值相对误差在15%以内,SWAT水文模型在北庙水源地有较好的适用性。1986-2009年,北庙水源地土地利用类型以林地、耕地、草地为主;草地面积减少,耕地、未利用土地和居民用地增加是这一时期土地利用方式变化的主要特征。水源地水文要素发生相应的变化主要表现为坡面径流深、径流深和土壤侵蚀模数增加,而实际蒸散减少。     

Using a parallelized MCMC algorithm in R to identify appropriate likelihood functions for SWAT

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms allow the analysis of parameter uncertainty. This analysis can inform the choice of appropriate likelihood functions, thereby advancing hydrologic modeling with improved parameter and quantity estimates and more reliable assessment of uncertainty. For long-running models, the Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm offers spectacular reductions in time required for MCMC analysis. This is partly due to multiple parameter sets being evaluated simultaneously. The ability to use this feature is hindered in models that have a large number of input files, such as SWAT. A conceptually simple, robust method for applying DREAM to SWAT in R is provided. The general approach is transferrable to any executable that reads input files. We provide this approach to reduce barriers to the use of MCMC algorithms and to promote the development of appropriate likelihood functions.     

Uncertainty analysis of parameters in non‐point source pollution simulation: case study of the application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model to Yitong River watershed in northeast China

Uncertainty analysis of the model parameters in non‐point source pollution (NPSP) simulation is important because of its great effects on predictions and decision‐making. Understanding the main parameters that effect the uncertainty of NPSP is necessary to provide the basis for formulating control measures. In this study, two methods were applied to conduct parameter uncertainty analysis for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Sobol’ method was used to screen out the model parameters with great effects on the runoff, sediment, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The results obtained by sensitivity analysis were used subsequent model calibration and further uncertainty analysis. Monte Carlo (MC) method was employed to analyse the effects of parameter uncertainty on the model outputs. However, such problems are time‐consuming because the MC method required to invoke simulation model thousands of times. To address this challenge, a kriging surrogate model was developed to improve the overall calculation efficiency. The results obtained by sensitivity analysis showed that curve number value (CN2), soil evaporation compensation factor (ESCO), universal soil loss equation support practice factor (USLE_P) and initial organic nitrogen concentration in soil layer (SOL_ORGN) had significant effects on the SWAT outputs. The uncertainty analysis results showed that the uncertainty of runoff is the lowest, followed by TP and TN, and the uncertainty of sediment was the greatest. The kriging surrogate model has the ability to solve this time‐consuming problem rapidly with a high degree of accuracy, and thus it is very robust.     

土地利用变化下的水文响应及其可检测性分析

以涪江桥流域为研究区域,采用SWAT模型模拟流域水文过程,将相同水文气象条件下1985和1995年2个时期土地利用情景的SWAT模型模拟结果与土地利用空间转化图相结合,分析土地利用变化引起的水文要素变化及其可检测性问题。结果表明:1985—1995年间涪江桥流域发生较为剧烈的土地利用变化,但并未检测到足够显著的水文要素变化;不同土地利用类型水文效应的相似性、不同土地利用类型水文效应差异性以及统计中和效应和统计均化效应是导致土地利用变化引起的水文要素变化难以检测的主要原因。在此基础上,提出了水文动态响应度指标,来消除统计中和效应。该指标可以在一定程度上帮助研究者了解研究区特定水文要素变化的相对剧烈程度。研究结果可为土地利用总体规划和流域水资源保护与合理配置提供参考。     

灌排系统水转化模拟模型研究

受自然与人为因素综合影响,灌区水转化过程复杂多变。以湖北漳河水库灌区为例,分别从水平和垂直方向描述典型灌排系统的水转化过程,以水量平衡原理为基础,研发灌排系统边界处置、稻作区田间多层土壤、塘坝及排水沟道之间多个水转化模拟子模块,由此构建一种客观描述灌排系统边界半封闭结构及其水平输送、垂直运动与渠-田-沟-塘水转化过程的耦合模拟模型,解决了应用流域分布式水文模型求解灌区水转化过程中面临的灌区边界不确定、分层土壤简化处理等问题。利用漳河灌区谭店灌排系统2014-2015年水平衡测试观测数据对该模型进行检验,采用拉丁超立方抽样法对模型参数进行分层抽样,并利用偏相关法分析参数敏感性。通过模型计算可得,支沟率定期和验证期模拟结果的复相关系数分别为0.83、0.70,Ens系数分别为0.81、0.68,斗沟率定期和验证期模拟结果的复相关系数分别为0.79、0.68,Ens系数分别为0.73、0.62,结果表明该模型适用于灌排系统水转化过程模拟。与SWAT模型对比,对于同一研究区域,复相关系数由0.11提高到0.73,Ens系数由-0.71提高到0.70,进一步验证了该模型的先进性,为灌排系统尺度水转化模拟和机制研究提供了新方法。     

气候变化与人类活动影响下大清河流域上游河流径流响应研究

河北雄安新区的设立,引起了各界对雄安新区所在的大清河流域的广泛关注,特别是其水资源的变化特征与影响因素是了解雄安新区水资源情势的重要参考。研究解析了人类活动和气候变化对大清河流域上游径流过程的相对影响,采用SWAT模型模拟了大清河流域上游径流过程,并结合弹性系数法验证比对,分离了人类活动与气候变化对大清河流域上游径流过程的贡献率。结果表明,1981-2015年,大清河流域上游山区倒马关站及紫荆关站径流量均呈减少趋势,倒马关站及紫荆关站年径流量递减速率分别为0.10m3/s及0.07m3/s。人类活动为影响径流的主导因子,其贡献率为53.4%～60.8%;气候变化较人类活动影响径流稍小,其贡献率为39.2%～46.6%。研究结果可为支撑未来雄安新区建设区域水资源规划和管理提供依据。     

SWAT在淮河上游地区径流模拟中的应用研究

为了对淮河淮滨以上流域进行径流模拟,构建了适用于该流域的分布式SWAT模型,采用泰森多边形法产生子流域的面雨量,并以径流资料对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,采用泰森多边形法处理降雨数据的模拟精度明显高于采用代表站法的模拟精度;SWAT模型对于平水年的模拟精度优于丰水年和枯水年,但对多峰的复杂径流模拟精度不高,说明SWAT模型产、汇流模块不够精细,难以模拟复杂的径流情况。     

伊逊河流域土地不同利用方式的水文效应模拟

利用SWAT模型对伊逊河流域水文效应进行分布式模拟,分别模拟了1985年和2010年两期土地利用条件下、3种不同土地利用模式下流域的产流产沙过程。选取径流年内分配不均匀系数、涵养指数和泥沙年内分配不均匀系数,对不同土地利用模式下的水文效应进行对比分析。研究表明,生态保护型模式有利于减少泥沙流失、增加水土涵养能力;城市扩张型模式虽有助于减少产沙量,却使径流大大增加,不利于城市防洪安全;耕地保护型模式有利于水源涵养,却使输沙量增加。在城市发展过程中,应充分考虑水文效应与经济效益。     

基于SWAT模型分析嘉陵江流域蓝、绿水资源量的时空变化特征

嘉陵江流域是成渝双城经济圈发展的重要水源区,其水资源状况的变化对实现我国新发展格局有重要影响。基于SWAT模型对嘉陵江流域水文过程进行模拟,探究了1981-2020年及典型年嘉陵江流域的蓝、绿水时空分布特征,采用Mann-Kendall(M-K)分析年际间蓝、绿水资源量的变化趋势。结果表明：流域多年平均降水量为931 mm,为蓝、绿水资源量之和,蓝水资源量多年均值为386 mm,占降水量的41.5%;绿水资源量多年均值为545 mm,占降水量的58.5%,1981-2020年流域降水量和绿水资源量总体呈增加趋势,蓝水资源量呈减少趋势。特枯水年、平水年、特丰水年的蓝水资源量分别为165.61、456.71和643.70 mm,绿水系数在典型年变化差异较大。空间上,流域内蓝水资源量、绿水资源量与降水量的分布特征相似,呈现从上游到下游先减小后增大、西少东多的空间格局。