都匀市剑江河水环境修复调控方法及效果分析

水生态文明城市建设对水环境承载能力提出了较高要求,都匀市作为全国水生态文明城市建设试点示范市,修复与调控剑江河的水环境成为都匀市水生态文明城市建设的重要课题。为此,采用负荷历时曲线(LDC)法并结合SWAT模型分析了流域各控制单元的污染因子总氮和总磷的承载情况;针对剑江河流域总磷、总氮负荷超标情况,提出了以削减施肥量和优化耕作方式两类生态措施为核心的水环境修复定量调控方案,并分析不同代表年采取这两类生态措施对流域水环境的改善情况。结果表明,在不影响作物产量的前提下,采用削减30%化肥施用量方案时,最高能减少24%的面源污染,且对总磷的削减效果比对总氮的削减效果更为明显;优化耕作措施的调控效果由好到差依次为等高条植>植草水道>等高种植>植被过滤带;同一种调控措施在枯水年的调控效果优于丰水年的调控效果。研究成果对水环境修复调控方案的制定以及水生态文明城市的建设有指导意义。     

Climate change impacts on streamflow and non‐point source pollutant loads in the 3S Rivers of the Mekong Basin

Changes in non‐point source (NPS) pollutants are of particular concern in developing countries. This study investigated the responses of streamflow and NPS pollutant loads to climate change in the 3S River Basin, a trans‐boundary basin of the Mekong River, using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Firstly, the SWAT model in simulations of streamflow and NPS pollutant loads was calibrated and validated against observed data to prove the reliability of the simulation results. Then, the calibrated SWAT model was used to simulate changes in streamflow and NPS pollutants under the impact of climate change. The simulation results indicated that the streamflow and NPS pollutant loads are predicted to increase in the future. Moreover, water shortage in the dry season and soil degradation in the wet season are emphasized to occur in the future.     

基于改进的SWAT模型的湿地水文过程模拟

针对SWAT模型在湿地水循环模拟过程中存在的不足,以扎龙湿地为例,根据湿地的水文特征,在SWAT模型基础上重新构建了湿地模块来模拟扎龙湿地水文过程,并以1987~1989年月出口径流量对模型进行率定,2005~2006年月出口径流量对模型进行验证。结果表明,改进的模型能较好地模拟扎龙湿地水文过程和湿地水文特征,模拟结果具有较高的可信度。     

Analysis of Post Irradiation Experiments in PWR Using New Nuclear Data Libraries

For the precise calculation of the burnup of minor actinide isotopes, a code system-SWAT has been developed. This system analyzes burnup problems with neutron spectrum that depends on the type of a reactor and the irradiation history, using latest evaluated nuclear data files JENDL-3 or ENDF/B-Vl. The post irradiation test in TRINO and the recent experiment in typical PWRs in Japan were analyzed with SWAT. These analyses show that the results of U and Pu for high burnup fuels almost agree with experimental results but those for middle burnup fuels do not agree with them. The results for Am and Cm isotopes still have large discrepancy. The average C/E of ²⁴³Am is –0.79, and that of ²⁴⁴Cm is –0.70 for high burnup (–33,000 MWd/tU) samples.

For middle burnup (–25,000 MWd/tU) samples, the C/E for ²⁴⁴Cm is over 2.0. The discrepancy is partially explained by considering the power peaking history of first cycle and second cycle.     

Assessment of Sediment and Pollutants in Buyo Lake,Ivory Coast,Using SWAT （Soil and Water Assessment Tool） Model

The changes in land use in the last 30 years in the territory of agro-forest watershed of Lake Buyo resulted in significant sediment into the lake. Sediments are a preferred means of transportation for certain pollutants, like phosphorus in excess. By mapping the source areas of erosion, the authors can determine the risk areas and help to prioritize interventions in the territory. This mapping is done using the SWAT （soil and water assessment tool） model. Several types of data, including topography, land use, soil and climate data are needed to run the model. In this paper, all different steps are presented, from the designing of HRU （hydrological response units）, basic units to run the SWAT model until the simulations. The establishment of HRU has three main stages： space discretization, land use and soil data integration and HRU distribution： （1） space discretization which consist in extracting the limits and the water network of the watershed from the DEM （digital elevation model） and in subdividing them into sub-basins; （2） land use and soil data integration： it consists in digitizing the physical maps of land use and of soils under Mapinfo 7.5 and in keeping them in ＂shape＂ format; （3） HRU distribution： it leads to subdivide the sub-watersheds in small units that combine a single soil type and one type of land use. It appears from this study to obtain 23 sub-watersheds and 71 HRU. Once the HRU designed, it is necessary to integrate climate data, data on physico-chemical characteristics of soils and agricultural practices, before starting the simulations. This will allow the model to assess the risk of sedimentation and eutrophication of the lake using the MUSLE （modified universal soil loss equation） and phosphorus cycle.     

土地利用方式对丘陵地区水量水质影响研究

以苏南丘陵地区句容市为例,采用分布式水文模型(SWAT)对不同土地利用方式、水量水质的影响进行模拟,分析了土地利用变化前后对区域产流产污的影响及不同比例下的土地利用方式产流产污的变化,为句容地区土地利用方式提供指导.     

SWAT模型在流域LUCC水文效应研究中的应用

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的水文效应是GLP研究的热点。分布式水文模型SWAT是目前被广泛应用于LUCC水文效应研究的水文模型之一。论文首先概述了SWAT模型的发展历程和最新版本SWAT 2005的功能,其次就模型在不同土地覆被条件下水文效应应用中的几个方面进行了总结和分析：流域径流模拟,区域水量平衡分析和非点源污染的模拟及其对BMP评价研究的贡献。最后,归纳探讨模型应用中存在的一些问题,通过合理的情境设计以及关键参数的实测等方法,可以实现模型在流域LUCC水文效应研究中的高效应用。     

基于SWAT的灌区分布式水文模型——Ⅰ.模型构建的原理与方法

针对中国南方丘陵水稻灌区水文特点,在对自然流域水文模型SWAT改进的基础上,构建了灌区分布式水文模型,改进了SWAT的灌溉水运动模块、稻田水分循环模块、稻田水量平衡各要素和产量模拟的计算方法,改变了陆面水文过程的计算结构,增加了渠系渗漏模拟模块及其对地下水的补给作用、塘堰的灌溉模块等。以湖北省漳河灌区内的一个闭合小流域为例,对构建的灌区分布式水文模型进行校正和验证,模拟结果显示,该模型适合于水稻灌区水分循环的模拟。     

基于SWAT模型的绿水管理生态补偿标准研究

绿水是降水渗透到非饱和土壤中用于植物生长的不可见的水,绿水与蓝水相对应,是陆地淡水系统的重要组成部分。长久以来,人类在水资源利用和管理方面都集中在可见的蓝水,而忽略了生产性绿水的管理与利用。本文以南水北调中线水源区堵河上游流域为研究区域,围绕水源区水源保护目标,将绿水管理与生态补偿相结合,构建了基于绿水管理的水源区生态补偿框架,通过SWAT模型对管理措施进行效果模拟,以此确定绿水管理的生态补偿标准。研究结果表明,梯田、石线、等高耕作和地表覆盖4种绿水管理措施在水源涵养、水土保持和水质保护方面均产生了良好效益,并且效益成本比均大于1,适合在水源区进行应用和推广,绿水管理生态补偿标准为1784万元/a,平均为每年343.5元/hm2。绿水管理生态补偿机制具有长效性、稳定性和能够提高农民保护水源积极性等优势,可为水源区生态补偿提供借鉴。     

韩江流域面源污染及与景观格局的关系

为了定量研究韩江流域的面源污染情况以及景观格局对污染的影响,建立了流域水文水质模型,并采用多元线性回归、冗余分析方法,探索景观指标与污染物质量浓度变化量的关系。结果表明:西部宁江流域地区的总氮质量浓度较高,最大值为3.91 mg/L;东部汀江流域地区总磷质量浓度较高,最大值为2.15 mg/L;流域总体水质呈恶化趋势;景观指标能解释81.7%的面源污染变化,且景观的面积越大,其组成格局可能比空间格局对水质的影响更大;林地的面积百分比与面源污染负相关,农田、城镇、草地景观则相反;城镇或农田等人类景观的斑块密度、形状指数等空间格局指标与污染物质量浓度负相关;旱地相比水田对面源污染的贡献更大;在研究区采用退草还林、农业结构调整等管理措施分别能够削减1.82%和4.63%的总氮负荷以及1.16%和7.31%的总磷负荷。