Smallholders’ Soil Fertility Management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia: Implications for Nutrient Stocks, Balances and Sustainability of Agroecosystems

Low agricultural productivity caused by soil degradation is a serious problem in the Ethiopian Highlands. Here, we report how differences in soil fertility management between farming systems, based either on enset (Ensete ventricosum) or on teff (Eragrostis tef) as the major crops, affect the extent of nutrient stocks, balances and ecosystem sustainability. We collected information on farmers’ resources and nutrient management practices from stratified randomly selected households in two watersheds in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. In addition, we collected soil samples from each land use and calculated nutrient stocks, partial and full nutrient balances (N, P and K) for one cropping season. Our results show that farmers in the two farming systems manage their soils differently and that nutrient inputs were positively related to farmers’ wealth status. The watershed with the enset-based system had higher soil N and K stocks than the watershed with the teff-based system, while P stocks were not different. Management related N?and K fluxes were more negative in the teff-based system (?28 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 and ?34 kg K ha^?1 yr^?1) than in the enset-based system (?6 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 and ?14 kg K ha^?1 yr^?1) while P fluxes were almost neutral or slightly positive. Within the enset-based system, a strong redistribution of N, P and K took place from the meadows and cereals (negative balance) to enset (positive balances). Although in the teff-based system, N, P and K were redistributed from meadows, small cereals and pulses to maize, the latter still showed a negative nutrient balance. In contrast to nutrient balances at land use level, nutrient balances at the watershed scale masked contrasting areas within the system where nutrient oversupply and deficiencies occurred.     

渭河油污染经济损失估算

为了估算中国石油天然气集团公司2009年在陕西渭南发生柴油泄漏事件对河南省沿黄各地所造成的直接经济损失,提出了因油污染而引起的经济损失计算方法.利用该算法评估柴油泄漏对河南省的自来水水源、工业、发电、渔业、物资和人力方面所造成的影响,估算得出河南省的直接经济损失至少2 918.6万元.提出的估算方法可为类似河流污染事件的经济损失评估提供参考.     

幸福河倒虹吸基坑降水方法

根据倒虹吸基坑降水实际效果,总结了不同地质情况下的基坑降水方法.比较了截渗墙与管井降水方案,考虑施工要求及降水方案造价,选择管井降水方案.降压采用压力平衡法计算,抽水量采用流量法计算.     

小江调水调蓄水库方案研究

小江调水是引江济渭入黄方案中的重要方案之一.小江调水方案是从三峡库区支流小江取水,水源丰富,调水量保证率高,Ⅰ期调水40亿m3,引水流量300 m3/s.在综合分析各种调蓄水库的可能性后,推荐采用沣河平原水库方案来调蓄小江来水,并对该方案的作用和效果进行了分析.结果表明:该方案冲淤效果得到改善,减淤量在平水系列比无水库时提高19.6%,在枯水系列提高32.4%.     

Spatial distribution and environmental characterization of sediment-associated metals from middle-downstream of Xiangjiang River, southern China

The contamination and environmental risk assessment of the toxic elements in sediments from the middle-downstream (Zhuzhou—Changsha section) of the Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province of China were studied. The results show that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are major contaminants in sediments, and average concentrations of these elements significantly exceed both the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge of China (GB4284-84) for agricultural use in acidic soils and the effect range median (ERM) values. The average concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the river water slightly exceed the limit of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838—2002). The concentrations of As and Cr in depth profiles extensively change, but slight changes are observed in Pb and Zn. Cd and Zn in most sediment samples can easily enter the food-chain and bring possible ecotoxicological risk to organisms living in sediments according to the risk assessment code.     

鄂东南沿江湖区“灌江纳苗”的认知度调查

本文对拟开展＂灌江纳苗＂工作的目标湖区进行实地调查和深度访谈,调查了大冶湖、网湖、海口湖、朱婆湖四个不同通江湖泊受访人群对＂灌江纳苗＂的知晓率和支持率,并采用问卷调查的方式研究了四个目标湖泊养殖鱼类年产量的变化情况以及四湖受访人群对养殖鱼类品种了解程度。结果显示,在目标湖区开展灌江纳苗工作有一定的群众基础,但也存在一定的工作难度;目标湖区的经济鱼类品种在减少,实施灌江纳苗工作已迫在眉睫。     

浔江防洪堤对西江中下游洪水的归槽影响

基于河道洪水演算原理,建立符合河流水力特性及其变化规律的边滩滞洪水库调节法流量演算模型、校正因数法水位演算模型,利用实测洪水和防洪堤资料进行归槽或还原演算,综合分析防洪堤对洪水归槽的影响。保护区滞洪容积占次洪水总量9．50％的浔江防洪堤对西江中下游洪水过程的归槽影响大于对洪峰的归槽影响,而且洪水类型和干支流组合不同,影响的程度也不相同：对流量过程、洪峰流量影响的最大归槽流量、最大归槽流量比重分别为3680m^3／s、9．63％,2700m^3／s、5．90％,对水位过程、洪峰水位影响的最大变幅为0．60、0．22m。浔江防洪堤造成的洪水归槽并未显著改变西江中下游洪水特性,干支流洪水遭遇、区间降雨和雨洪重叠仍然是形成西江中下游大洪水的主要因素,西江中下游洪涝频繁是气候和流域环境变化综合影响的结果。     

ENSO事件对松花江流域夏季降水的影响

对1951—2000年的ENSO事件对松花江流域夏季(6—8月)降水的影响进行了分析,结果显示:赤道中东太平洋海温异常与松花江流域夏季降水有很好的相关性,特别是ENSO事件出现后,El Nino事件影响年通常对应于松花江流域夏季降水偏多,La Nina事件影响年松花江流域夏季降水则较常年偏少,且二者通过了置信度α=0.05的显著性检验.这种相关性可用于进行松花江流域夏季降水的预测.     

宁夏沿黄城市带生态规划研究

采用1998—2009年《宁夏统计年鉴》等数据源,建立了生态适宜度指标体系,运用AHP法、专家咨询法和模糊数学对宁夏沿黄城市带可持续发展进行生态规划设计.结果表明,宁夏沿黄城市带生态适宜度为0.29～0.61.据此,运用GIS手段将宁夏沿黄城市带划分为生态协调区、生态引导区、生态控制区、生态敏感区和生态脆弱区5个生态功能区,并进一步提出了不同功能区生态规划设计思路.     

河道一维非恒定流数值模拟深化研究

传统的河道一维非恒定流数值计算一般采用特征线法和以Preissmann方法为代表的有限差分法.特征线法计算精度比较高,但受时间步长的限制,用于河道一维非恒定流计算时计算效率却不太高.而Preissmann方法相比特征线法计算效率有所提高,但在求解过程中特征量的守恒性却没有做出相应要求.为了兼顾数值计算的效率和特征量的守恒,建立了基于有限体积法的河道一维非恒定流数值计算方法,并分别选取淮河干流洪水和史灌河洪水进行了验证计算,验证计算成果表明所采用的方法特征量守恒性较好,洪峰水位计算值与实测值吻合也较好,可用于河道一维非恒定流计算.