Nd0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ–xSm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 cobalt-free composite cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Cobalt-free composites Nd_0.5Sr_0.5Fe_0.8Cu_0.2O_3−δ (NSFCu)–xSm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC) (x = 0–60 wt%) are investigated as IT-SOFC cathodes. The characteristic properties of cobalt-free composite cathodes comparing to cobalt-based composites are revealed. The DC conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the composite cathodes decrease with the content of SDC x, while the polarization resistance R_p shows the least value with addition of 40 wt% of SDC. The power density of the single cell with NSFCu-40% SDC composite cathode improved significantly compared with that of undoped NSFCu cathode, with peak values of 488, 623, 849 and 1052 mW cm⁻² at 600, 650, 700, and 750 °C, respectively. Moreover, the performance of the composite cathode is stable within testing period of 370 h at 700 °C, indicating that the NSFCu-40% SDC is an excellent cobalt-free composite cathode applied in IT-SOFC.     

变异煤粉浓度燃烧技术的研究及其在劣质烟煤锅炉上的应用

变异煤粉浓度燃烧技术是为提高我国电站锅炉调峰能力、降低排烟中ＮＯ_ｘ而研究的一种燃烧新技术。它针对煤燃烧的过程和特点，采用了向火侧一次风高煤粉浓度、高温、高湍动度和背火侧低煤粉浓度的水平浓淡燃烧。充分发挥了向火侧一次风的着火优势，使锅炉的着火稳定性和低负荷调峰性能得到了显著的改善。工业应用证明，在燃用Ａ￣ｙ＝４５％～４６．９５％和Ｖ￣ｆ＝１４．２６％的劣质煤时，着火及时，燃烧稳定，锅炉负荷在５４％～６０％以上不需投油而能稳定燃烧，烟气中ＮＯ_ｘ有明显下降，具有显著的经济和社会效益。     

Hierarchical optimization of boiler–turbine unit using fuzzy stable model predictive control

This paper develops a hierarchical control system structure based on the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model to achieve an optimal control of a boiler–turbine unit. In the upper layer of the hierarchy, an optimal reference governor is designed to find the optimal operating point. A disturbance term is introduced to the fuzzy model to lump the modeling mismatch and unknown disturbance. Thus, the effect of plant behavior variation can be removed and the operating point found can be feasible to control. In the lower layer, a stable model predictive controller is developed to track the optimal set-points while guaranteeing the input-to-state stability of the system. Fuzzy Lyapunov function and appropriate slack and collection matrices are used to reduce the conservatism of stability design and improve the performance. Through the estimation of the disturbance term using an observer, the two layers in the hierarchy are coupled and the integrated system can realize a dynamic optimal control of the boiler–turbine unit, even in the case of severe plant behavior variations.     

基于模糊模型的工业过程稳态优化控制方法

本文提出了一种解决复杂非线性工业过程的稳态优化控制方法,对过程建立模糊模型,用自相关函数检验法验证模型的正确性,用改进的遗传算法实现稳态优化计算,并以一炼油厂催化裂化实际生产过程的稳态数据进行试验,结果说明该方法的正确性。     

南海南部天然气水合物稳定带厚度及资源量估算

为了估算南海南部天然气水合物资源量,文章分析了中外科学家的研究成果,认为南海南部具有天然气水合物形成、发育的有利条件：发育的沉积盆地、有利的水深和充足的物源供应,地震剖面揭示的BSR、泥底辟和断裂构造等印证了这一点;同时利用相关的计算公式,对南海南部4个重点区域的水合物稳定带厚度进行了计算,并在此基础上对南海南部的水合物资源前景进行了预测。结果表明,4 个研究区域内的绝大部分海域具有天然气水合物形成的温度、压力条件,水合物稳定带厚度67~833 m。各个海域差异较大,南海南部水合物体积及甲烷资源量分别为2.32×10¹³m³和4.78×10¹⁵m³。     

塔里木盆地油区石炭系海相碳酸盐岩同位素地球化学研究

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐主要分布于下古生界,平面分布几乎遍及整个盆地。上古生界海相碳酸盐岩显著减少,主要为石炭系,且层位基本连续,是我国开展该地质时期海相碳酸盐岩同位素地球化学研究的理想地区。     

Novel cobalt-free tantalum-doped perovskite Ba Fe_(1-y)Ta_yO_(3-δ)with high oxygen permeation

Cobalt-free perovskite-type oxides Ba Fe_(1-y)Ta_yO_(3-δ)(0 ≤ y ≤ 0.2)were synthesized via a simple solid state reaction.The cubic perovskite structure can be obtained when y is over 0.1.Ba Fe_(0.9)Ta_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BFT0.1)membrane shows the highest oxygen permeation flux,which can reach 1.6 ml·min~(-1)·cm~(-2)at 950 °C under the gradient of air/He.The O_2-TPD results reveal that Ba Fe_(0.9)Ta_(0.1)O_(3-δ)material shows an excellent reversibility and phase structure stability in air.The oxygen permeation flux is limited by the bulk diffusion when the membrane thickness is over 0.8 mm,and it is limited by both the bulk diffusion and the surface exchange when the membrane thickness is below 0.5 mm.Stable oxygen permeation fluxes are obtained during 180 h operation.     

参数模糊自整定PID控制器在恒压供水系统中的应用

本文提出了一种基于模糊控制理论的恒压供水系统,针对传统PID控制器的特点,将模糊控制技术引入到PID参数自整定过程中,根据不同情况在线自整定PID参数,并采用变频调速技术,节能效果明显,有一定的理论与实际应用价值.     

The reactions of formaldehyde over the surfaces of uranium oxides. A comparative study between polycrystalline and single crystal materials

The reaction of formaldehyde has been studied on the surfaces of UO₂(1 1 1) single crystal and polycrystalline UO₂. Most of adsorbed formaldehyde on the single crystal at room temperature reacted to give ethylene during TPD. On the polycrystalline surface, IR analyses showed that the main species present in the 88–200 K temperature domain are poly- and dioxymethylene. These species are mainly converted to stable formates that decompose at high temperature (above 550 K). The apparent activation energy for the reaction of the oxymethylenic species to formates in the 250–450 K region (calculated from the intensity of the ν_a COO IR band of formates, at 1575 cm⁻¹) is found equal to 12 kJ/mol. Overall, both surfaces (single crystal and polycrystalline) give qualitatively the same products, with the exception of formation of traces of methyl formate in the case of powder. However, the single crystal is far more active for the reductive coupling of formaldehyde to ethylene than the polycrystalline material. The difference in reaction selectivity between the single crystal and powder work is attributed to the method of preparation of the polycrystalline UO₂ material (made by H₂-reduction of -U₃O₈) rather than to an intrinsic difference between both materials.