水的总溶解固体对染色一致性的影响

在纺织加工行业,水起着最重要的作用。水中的重效/硬质颗粒物及杂质影响纺织品的湿法加工质量。水的性质及水中颗粒物浓度甚至会在加工过程中损伤纤维。钠盐含量的增加使水的总溶解固体(TDS)值上升,给纺织品加工带来了诸多困难与问题。研究旨在探索TDS上升的显著特征,因为它会导致纱线色度值和固色率的变化。试验材料为环锭纺100%棉纱,纱线线密度为83.3 tex(7 S Ne),捻度为18.9捻/10 cm(4.8 TPI),在预湿槽中进行洗涤和漂白。试验需确保水质符合染厂的使用标准。研究结果表明,水质对颜色值有明显的影响。随着水的TDS值的改变,试样的K/S值逐渐变化。水质对染料的溶解起着十分重要的作用,良好的水质可减少染料的团聚。     

XPS,TDS, and AFM studies of surface chemistry and morphology of Ag-covered L-CVD SnO2 nanolayers

This is well known that the selectivity and sensitivity of tin dioxide (SnO₂) thin film sensors for the detection of low concentration of volatile sulfides such as H₂S in air can be improved by small amount of Ag additives. In this paper we present the results of comparative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of the surface chemistry and morphology of SnO₂ nanolayers obtained by laser-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (L-CVD) additionally covered with 1 monolayer (ML) of Ag. For as deposited SnO₂ nanolayers, a mixture of tin oxide (SnO) and tin dioxide (SnO₂) with the [C]/[Sn] ratio of approximately 1.3 was observed. After dry air exposure, the [O]/[Sn] ratio slightly increased to approximately 1.55. Moreover, an evident increasing of C contamination was observed with [C]/[Sn] ratio of approximately 3.5. After TDS experiment, the [O]/[Sn] ratio goes back to 1.3, whereas C contamination evidently decreases (by factor of 3). Simultaneously, the Ag concentration after air exposure and TDS experiment subsequently decreased (finally by factor of approximately 2), which was caused by the diffusion of Ag atoms into the subsurface layers related to the grain-type surface morphology of Ag-covered L-CVD SnO₂ nanolayers, as confirmed by XPS ion depth profiling studies. The variation of surface chemistry of the Ag-covered L-CVD SnO₂ after air exposure observed by XPS was in a good correlation with the desorption of residual gases from these nanolayers observed in TDS experiments.     

Enhancement of hydrogen isotope retention capacity for the impurity deposited tungsten by long-term plasma exposure in LHD

The stress relieved tungsten samples were placed at three positions, PI (sputtering erosion dominated area), DP (deposition dominated area) and HL (Higher heat load area) during 15th plasma experiment campaign in Large Helical Device (LHD) at National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Japan and were exposed to ～ 6700 shots of hydrogen plasma in a 15th long-term experiment campaign in LHD. Thereafter, the additional deuterium ion implantation to these tungsten samples was performed to evaluate the change of hydrogen isotope retention capacity in the samples by long-term plasma exposure. It was found that the carbon-dominant mixed-material layer with more than 100 nm thickness was formed on a wide area of the tungsten surface. The thicker mixed-material layer was formed on the DP sample, where the deuterium retention was about 21 times as high as that for pure W. The major desorption temperature of deuterium was shifted toward higher temperature side, which was comparable to the trapping characteristic of carbon or irradiation damages.     

川西坳陷新场构造须五段地层水地球化学特征及其成因

四川盆地川西坳陷中段新场构造上三叠统须家河组五段气藏的气水关系复杂,对其地层水成因和来源认识的不足限制了天然气勘探的拓展和深入。为此,对该区须五段地层水的矿化度、地球化学特征参数、微量元素和氢氧同位素等进行了分析,进而与该区其他层位地层水的上述特征进行比对,最终明确了须五段地层水的成因和来源。研究结果表明:①须五段水气比较为稳定,气水分异不明显,试采初期受压裂液和凝析水的影响,产出水矿化度较低,主要为压裂液和地层水的混合物,而后期随着返排率升高,产出水主要为地层水;②该层段的地层水均为CaCl_2型,矿化度介于50.806~96.319 g/L,整体表现出自北向南逐渐升高的特征;③地层水在埋藏过程中经历了浓缩变质作用,地层封闭性好,有利于天然气的保存;④须五段地层水的来源既有下伏的海相地层水,也有其自身陆相泥页岩的压释水,白云岩化作用是须五段最主要的水岩相互作用方式;⑤须五段地层水的δD值介于-67‰~-65‰、δ~(18)O值介于-3.1‰~-1.0‰,与该区其他层位地层水具有明显的区别,表明其经历了强烈的水岩反应,自成独立体系。     

Degradation of Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitors caused by hydrogen in interlayer dielectrics

Abstract

A correlation between ferroelectric properties of the PLZT capacitors and amount of H₂ and H₂O gasses desorbed from interlayer dielectrics were investigated quantitatively. H₂ and H₂O gasses desorbed from interlayer dioxides were analyzed using thermal desorption spectroscopy. Polarization charges and its aging characteristics of memory array capacitors with area of 2 μm squares did not depend on amount of desorbed H₂ explicitly, but strongly on H₂O desorption. It is considered that silanol and hydroxyalkyl groups worked as hydrogen donor with catalytic activities of Pt top electrodes. As a result, hydrogen atoms should work as a major degradation agent for the imprint phenomena of memory array capacitors. Precise control of hydroxyl groups contained in the interlayer dielectrics and passivation films resulted in very small retention degradation caused by imprint phenomena, and realized high reliability and high density FRAM technologies.     

Differences in habitual eating speed lead to small differences in dynamic sensory perception of composite foods

Previous studies demonstrated that variability in oral processing behaviors impacts bolus properties and consequently texture and flavor perception. However, most studies followed a prescribed mastication protocol during the products’ sensory evaluations. A better understanding of how variability in habitual eating behavior impacts sensory perception of foods is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of habitual eating speed (slow vs. fast eaters) on dynamic sensory perception of composite foods. Habitual oral processing behavior of different composite foods was quantified in 105 participants. Participants were divided in fast (n = 53) and slow (n = 52) eaters using a median split. Three formulations of strawberry jams varying in viscosity and sugar content (High Sugar/Low Pectin [Control], High Sugar/High Pectin, Low Sugar/Low Pectin) were used. Composite foods were prepared by spreading jams on breads. Dynamics of dominant sensory attributes of strawberry jams presented with and without breads were evaluated using Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS). Dynamic sensory perception of jams and jam–bread combinations differed only slightly for short periods of time between habitual slow and fast eaters. The addition of breads to jams reduced especially the ability of the fast eaters to discriminate between jams differing in formulation. Slow eaters discriminated between different formulations of jams better than fast eaters, regardless of whether jams were presented alone or in combination with breads. We conclude that differences in habitual eating speed between consumers lead to small differences in dynamic sensory perception and discrimination ability of composite foods.     

Study of Reactivity of Oxygen Species on SmMO_3(M=Mn,Fe)by TDS and TPRS

With O_2 and CO as the molecular probes,the reactivity of oxygen species of perovskite-likeoxides SmMnO_3 and SmFeO_3 was studied by thermodesorption spectroscopy(TDS)and temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy(TPRS)in an ultrahigh vacuum system.The results of the experimentimplied that the oxidation of CO on SmMO_3 may follow Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.