Behaviour Model of Austenitic Stainless Steels for Automotive Structural Parts

One of the most important preoccupation of car manufacturers is to reduce emissions and hence to reduce weight of cars. One of the outstanding materials able to reduce weight while at the same time keeping the same crash absorption and hence safety, is austenitic steel. Austenitic stainless steels are used in crash relevant parts of cars. Moreover, designers can use their very good corrosion resistance and their well known surface aspect for structural visible parts like wheels, cross members, roof panels or tailgates. In this paper, stainless steels for automotive use are presented in detail. First, their chemical composition and tensile properties are explained. Then, a model for forming and crash behaviour is described. Using this model, stainless steels can be engineered into automotive parts and thus stainless steel can be considered as a workable and predictable material for the automotive industry.     

Finite element analysis of the effects of martensitic phase transformation in TRIP steel sheet forming

This paper aims at investigating the effects of the martensitic phase transformation on the formability of unstable austenitic steel sheets. To this end, the constitutive model developed by Iwamoto and Tsuta (International Journal of Plasticity 2002;18:1583–606) has been implemented in the user's material subroutine of the finite element code Abaqus/Explicit. The different contributions of the martensitic transformation to the overall plastic behaviour are analysed with the aim of assessing their influence in sheet-metal forming. The effects of transformation strains, and of the stress-state dependence of the kinetics of phase transformation are critically discussed in the case of the cup drawing test. The simulation results are also compared with experimental cup tests from the literature.     

基于OPB780颜色传感器的颜色测量系统的设计

针对可编程OPB780颜色传感器对颜色识别的快速和高精度的特点,采用该颜色传感器设计了非接触式颜色检测电路,用该系统测量出560个标准色卡的RGB频率值,与该560个色卡的RGB颜色空间值进行比对,从数据采集结果的对比图可以看出,采集的频率值同标准RGB颜色空间值具有较好的映射关系,所设计的颜色测量系统取得良好效果。     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Hydroformability of TRIP Seamless Steel Tube

A low-carbon TRIP seamless steel tube, which is expected to be used in the hydroforming process, was successfully fabricated using piercing, cold-drawing and two-stage heat treatment process. The two-stage heat treatment is one crucial step because it significantly affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of TRIP seam less steel tube. In order to obtain the TRIP seamless steel tube with high hydroformability, several different heat treatment processes were conducted. The effects of heat treatment conditions （intercritical annealing （IA） and isothermal bainite treatment （IBT）） on the TRIP seamless steel tube hydroformability which was determined by free hydraulic bulge test were analyzed. Two different internal pressure boosting velocities of 0.2 and 0.5 MPa/s of free hydraulic bulge tests were adopted to determine the effective stress vs. effective strain curve of TRIP seamless steel tube. The results showed that for the predetermined IA condition, the maximum bulge height increased, but the maximum burst internal pressure decreased, with the increase of IBT holding time from 4 to 6 rain. For the predetermined IBT condition, the maximum bulge height decreased, but the maximum burst internal pressure increased, with the increase of IA holding time from 5 to 10 rain. By analyzing the free hydraulic bulge test results, it was found that the maximum bulge heights of TRIP seamless steel tubes with the internal pressure boosting velocity of 0.5 MPa/s were higher than those when the internal pressure boosting velocity was 0.2 MPa/s. This means that an appropriate deformation rate should be chosen to obtain the optimal hydroformability of TRIP seamless steel tube. In addition, the effective stress vs. effective strain curves of TRIP seamless steel tubes were ohtained with free hydraulic bulge test.     

亚稳奥氏体和微合金元素对冷轧高强汽车钢性能的影响

介绍了亚稳奥氏体和微合金元素（Nb、V）对TRIP钢、TWIP钢和Q＆P钢等冷轧高强汽车钢性能的影响。主要包括调控冷轧高强汽车钢亚稳奥氏体组织的成分体系和连续退火工艺、亚稳奥氏体组织特征及测量方法,及其对高强汽车钢强塑积、拉伸曲线形状等性能的影响等。同时介绍了微合金元素（V、Nb）对冷轧高强汽车钢成形性、强度等级、延迟断裂等个性化性能的影响。     

Computer-Aided Design of Some Advanced Steels and Cemented Carbides

Thermodynamic and kinetic study on TRIP （transformation induced plasticity） steels, cemented carbides and mold steel for plastics were carried out in order to design modern advanced materials. With the sublattice model, equilibrium compositions of ferrite and austenite phases in TRIP steels, as well as volume fraction of austenite at inter-critical temperatures for different time were calculated. Concentration profiles of carbon, manganese, aluminum and silicon in the steels were also estimated in the lattice fixed frame of reference. The effect of Si and Mn on TRIP was discussed according to thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. In order to understand and produce the graded nanophase structure of cemented carbides, miscellaneous phases in the M-Co-C （M= Ti, Ta, Nh） systems and Co-V-C system were modeled. Solution parameters and thermodynamic： properties were listed in detail. The improvement of machining behavior of prehardened mould steel for plastics was obtained by computer-aided composition design. The results showed that the matrix composition of large-section prehardened mould steel for plastic markedly influences the precipitation of non-metallic inclusion and the composition control by the aid of Thermo-Calc software package minimizes the amount of detrimental oxide inclusion. In addition, the modification of calcium was optimized in composition design.     

The application of convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) analysis on transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) steels

Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to determine local carbon concentrations in low‐carbon transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. High‐order Laue‐zone (HOLZ) lines were experimentally obtained for comparison with simulation results. A new procedure for calculating carbon content is thus proposed. Retained austenite (RA) is classified into three types by morphology; the relationship between the carbon content and the corresponding RA morphology is discussed based on CBED results. Furthermore, results of X‐Ray diffractometry measurements are also used for comparison.     

The influence of cryogenic rolling on a transformation-induced plasticity steel

ABSTRACT

Here, a novel cryogenic rolling plus intercritical annealing process was applied to a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel with a low chemical composition of carbon and manganese. Compared with traditional cold rolling, obvious grain refinement was observed, due to a high amount of dislocations retained. In addition, austenite volume fraction was increased, because of a unique nucleation mechanism. Subjected to cryogenic rolling, strength and ductility were increased, due to the enhanced austenite stability, which provided continuous and active TRIP effect. Consequently, tensile strength was increased to 1030?MPa, and elongation was increased to 38.2%. Thus, a great mechanical combination was obtained in a steel with a relatively low chemical composition with carbon and manganese, only by cryogenic rolling process.     

EFFECTS OF CARBON CONTENT AND ROLLING PROCESSING ON RETAINED AUSTENITE FOR HOT-ROLLED TRIP STEELS

The effects of finishing rolling temperature and coiling temperature on retained austenite were studied for hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with different carbon content. The experimental results showed that an appropriate volume fraction of retained austenite from 6% to 11% could be obtained according to the different carbon content less than 0.20% by controlled finishing rolling and coiling for the hot-rolled TRIP steels. It can be concluded that carbon content has a significant effect on the fraction of retained austenite and coiling processing plays stronger role on retaining austenite than fishing rolling processing.     

配分温度对于Q&P钢成形性的影响规律

利用扫描电镜、连续退火模拟试验机和成形试验机研究了配分温度对Q&P钢组织和成形性能的影响,结果表明,不同的配分温度会使得Q&P钢获得不同的残余奥氏体体积分数,当配分温度为300~450 ℃时,残余奥氏体的体积分数为8.79%~12.19%,次应变相同的情况下,FLC曲线的单向应变区主应变最大提升0.09,双向应变区主应变最大提升0.05,平面应变区主应变提升不显著。配分温度主要通过影响残余奥氏体体积分数使FLC曲线位置发生变化,残余奥氏体体积分数的增加提高了Q&P钢的成形性能。