Achieving California's 80% greenhouse gas reduction target in 2050: Technology,policy and scenario analysis using CA-TIMES energy economic systems model

The CA-TIMES optimization model of the California Energy System (v1.5) is used to understand how California can meet the 2050 targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (80% below 1990 levels). This model represents energy supply and demand sectors in California and simulates the technology and resource requirements needed to meet projected energy service demands. The model includes assumptions on policy constraints, as well as technology and resource costs and availability. Multiple scenarios are developed to analyze the changes and investments in low-carbon electricity generation, alternative fuels and advanced vehicles in transportation, resource utilization, and efficiency improvements across many sectors. Results show that major energy transformations are needed but that achieving the 80% reduction goal for California is possible at reasonable average carbon reduction cost ($9 to $124/tonne CO₂e at 4% discount rate) relative to a baseline scenario. Availability of low-carbon resources such as nuclear power, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), biofuels, wind and solar generation, and demand reduction all serve to lower the mitigation costs, but CCS is a key technology for achieving the lowest mitigation costs.     

亚热带小流域不同沉积区土壤粘粒矿物的演变

在亚热带丘陵河谷地小流域范围内地表物质的迁移常可导致不同沉积区物质组成的变化 .从黄泥土→洪积泥砂土→培泥砂土 ,随着搬运距离的增加 ,其粘粒矿物组成发生了一系列的变化 ;高岭石逐渐下降 ,云母逐渐增加 ,蛭石渐趋下降消失 ,而绿泥石则逐渐形成 ;同时赤铁矿、针铁矿也先后下降消失 .矿物的演化与沉积物所处环境的水分条件及溶液中盐基物质和酸碱度变化有关     

PEM fuel cell modeling using system identification methods for urban transportation applications

This paper presents a comparative study of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) models for integration in hybrid propulsion systems, based on a commercial FC from Nuvera, which is especially manufactured for this application. An existing model is used as a reference in order to build dynamical mathematical models which describe its dynamical behavior in the time domain. These mathematical models are obtained by applying system identification techniques to the reference model. The proposed FC models have been tested through simulations for the real drive cycle of the existing Metro Centro tramway in Seville.     

Multi-route railroad blocking problem by improved model and ant colony algorithm in real world

In rail freight transportation, general merchandise freight cars may pass through many classification stations on their route from origin to destination. The Railroad Blocking Problem (RBP) is to reclassify inbound traffic from various origins in the classification stations and put them on outbound trains with the same or close destinations, the objective of the RBP is to minimize the total operating costs of delivering all traffic on the railway network while satisfying the resource and capacity constraints at the stations and the priority constraints for shipments. In this paper, we introduce a new mathematic model which can comprehensively describe the blocking strategy and various combinations of multi-route O–D pairs in large scale railway network. Furthermore, we propose an improved Ant Colony (AC) algorithm for RPB, and a computational experiment derived from the real life instances of coal heavy haul rail network in north China is given. Experimental results verified the validation of the model and effectiveness of the algorithm.     

浅议现行工程勘察设计收费标准

"十二五"时期,我国将进一步扩大轨道交通建设规模,轨道交通建设的发展将迎来黄金时代。然而,随着轨道交通行业的全面发展,其设计范围、服务时间、服务质量和竞争方式的不断发生变化,设计企业经营成本越来越高,而勘察设计收费标准却长期维持较低水平,这对轨道交通设计行业提出新的挑战。现行勘察设计收费标准的合理性以及如何更有效地推动轨道交通行业进步和繁荣是值得思考的问题。     

Can the South African transport system surmount reduced crude oil availability?

This paper is based on an elaborate research project carried out in 2008. International ‘Peak Oil’ predictions were translated to the South African context as a basis for the energy analysis. Based on available plans for the implementation of new power plants, and the like, various energy availability scenarios were developed. On the transportation side, the current transport demand (passenger and freight) was combined with fuel efficiency knowledge in the transportation field. Planned or proven international efficiency improvement interventions were assessed regarding their feasibility in the South African context. Furthermore, implementation trajectories up to the year 2030 were developed for all potential efficiency measures. Finally, the energy availability scenarios and feasible energy measure trajectories were combined to provide the client with investment suggestions and other conclusions and recommendations.     

天然气水合物储运技术研究进展

近年来，天然气水合物储运技术引起了广泛的关注，并得到了快速发展。文章首先介绍了天然气运输的多种方式，进而分析了常见天然气储运方式的物理特性及其经济性，接着着重介绍了天然气水合物的基本特性、天然气水合物储运的基本原理和技术路线，分析了天然气水合物制备技术、储存技术和分解技术等的特点，最后概述了提高水合物储气效率的措施和相关研究进展等。此外，还对天然气水合物储运技术的应用前景进行了展望     

Characterisation and modelling of a 5 kW PEMFC for transportation applications

In the framework of the French inter lab SPACT project (fuel cell systems for transportation applications), a 10 kW PEM fuel cell testing bench has been installed in 2002 in the national fuel cell test platform located in Belfort, France. The behaviour of a 5 kW fuel cell, fed with humidified pure hydrogen gas and compressed air, has been investigated by the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Systems (L2ES) in association with the French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS).     

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随着对清洁能源需求量的日益增长，天然气国际贸易量正在不断加大。远隔重洋地区的天然气贸易是依靠将天然气液化后通过船运来完成的，因而LNG船就成为了完成天然气远洋贸易的关键设备。文章回顾了LNG船的发展史，介绍了LNG船的技术特点和一些配套设施，同时还阐述了我国需要建立自己的LNG船队，从而保证我国LNG进口的重要意义。     

对《水利工程设计概(估)算编制规定》的思考与浅见

根据对<水利工程设计概(估)算编制规定>中安装工程单价和进口设备国内段运杂综合费率两个问题的思考,谈一些浅见.