基于数据挖掘技术的水利工程管理

数据挖掘技术为水利工程管理开辟了新的视野,利用数据挖掘技术对水利工程数据进行数据分析,可以发掘出一些不被我们所认识的有价值的新模式和新趋势,为水利工程管理决策提供科学依据。文章详细地阐述了数据挖掘技术及其在水利工程管理中的应用方法。     

南水北调中线工程调水前汉江水文特性及变化

基于汉江干流的4个水文站及18个国家气象站的长序列观测资料,采用数理统计、Mann-Kendall检验和Spearman秩次检验法,对南水北调中线工程调水前汉江流域水文特性及变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明：汉江流域大部分地区的降雨无明显变化趋势;气温有显著升高趋势。4个水文站1999~2013年年径流量多年平均值较1956~1998年序列均有了不同程度的减小,但总体上无趋势性减小和增加规律。1956~2013年间汉江流域径流经历了多次丰枯变化期,其中1992~2002年间为连续枯水期,2002年以后径流总体偏丰。      

对硝基苯胺水相加氢合成对苯二胺

以对硝基苯胺为原料,水为溶剂,考察了水相中负载型镍催化剂催化对硝基苯胺加氢还原的反应性能,并开展了中试实验。考察了反应温度、压力、保温时间、对硝基苯胺浓度、废水套用等因素对催化加氢反应性能的影响。实验结果表明,产品对苯二胺质量分数较高,催化剂和水可循环使用。得到较佳的工艺条件为:温度110℃,保温时间1 h,压力2.0 MPa,搅拌转速800 r/min,起始催化剂用量10%(以对硝基苯胺的质量为基准,下同),催化剂损耗0.2%(以起始添加催化剂的质量为基准)。在该工艺条件下,对苯二胺产率达99.5%以上。废水套用后排放废水量很少,且对催化剂催化活性、产品质量等没有影响。     

Effiziente Wasserabtrennung aus Dieselkraftstoff mittels Membrantechnik und Online‐Monitoring

The separation of water from diesel fuel is very important for safety, ecological, and economic reasons, as otherwise it can lead to lower combustion efficiency and engine problems. In addition, the free water from ultra‐low‐sulfur diesel (ULSD) can only be insufficiently separated with the classic separation systems. To solve this problem, a membrane process with different organic/inorganic membranes for the selective separation of water droplets from ULSD and an innovative water‐in‐oil online sensor were developed.     

Unusual kinetic inhibitor effects on gas hydrate formation

Gas hydrate formation experiments were conducted with a methane-ethane mixture at 273.7 or 273.9 K and 5100 kPa and using water droplets or water contained in cylindrical glass columns. The effect of kinetic inhibitors and the water/solid interface on the induction time for hydrate crystallization and on the hydrate growth and decomposition characteristics was studied. It was found that inhibitors GHI 101 and Luvicap EG delayed the onset of hydrate nucleation. While this inhibition effects has been reported previously some unusual behaviour was observed and reported for the first time. In particular, the water droplet containing GHI 101 or Luvicap EG was found to collapse prior to nucleation and spread out on the Teflon surface. Subsequently, hydrate was formed as a layer on the surface. Catastrophic growth and spreading of the hydrate crystals was also observed during hydrate formation in the glass columns in the presence of the kinetic inhibitor. Finally, when polyethylene oxide (PEO) was added into the kinetic inhibitor solution the memory effect on the induction time decreased dramatically.     

创新实践追求最佳热水锅炉锅内水处理技术

本文通过试验总结证明了根据炉型、水质、使用单位合理选择防垢防腐药剂是提高锅内水处理效果较好的前提。通过理论分析并根据锅炉加药试验情况总结出热水锅炉采取下列几种水处理方法,按照GB1576-2001《工业锅炉水质》标准控制锅水pH值在10～12范围内可以大幅度提高锅炉防腐效果,尤其是国家发展和改革委员会在2008年第36号公告中推荐的高效节能产品———YZ-101防腐阻垢剂更为节能环保打下了物质基础。     

Ozone based food preservation: a promising green technology for enhanced food safety

Extending shelf life of food products is a major concern of the producers, and the food industry requires ‘greener’ alternatives to the current technologies. Ozone-based food preservation may suit this niche. Ozone is an attractive alternative preservative that food industry needs due to its properties such as quick decomposition and little residual effect during food preservation. Ozone is the strongest molecule available for the disinfection of water and is second only to elemental fluorine in oxidizing power. Ozone is being used in the food industry in various applications such as decontamination of water and equipment surfaces. Several researchers have focused on the application of ozone to inactivate microorganisms on fresh produce, like fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, fish, and eggs, and dry produce, such as cereals, pulses, and spices. This review comprehensively analyses appropriate ozone concentrations and exposure times and discusses various factors that affect the quality and safety of food products during ozonation.     

Modeling river water quality parameters using modified adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system

Water quality is always one of the most important factors in human health. Artificial intelligence models are respected methods for modeling water quality. The evolutionary algorithm(EA) is a new technique for improving the performance of artificial intelligence models such as the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) and artificial neural networks(ANN). Attempts have been made to make the models more suitable and accurate with the replacement of other training methods that do not suffer from some shortcomings, including a tendency to being trapped in local optima or voluminous computations. This study investigated the applicability of ANFIS with particle swarm optimization(PSO)and ant colony optimization for continuous domains(ACO_R) in estimating water quality parameters at three stations along the Zayandehrood River, in Iran. The ANFIS-PSO and ANFIS-ACO_R methods were also compared with the classic ANFIS method, which uses least squares and gradient descent as training algorithms. The estimated water quality parameters in this study were electrical conductivity(EC), total dissolved solids(TDS), the sodium adsorption ratio(SAR), carbonate hardness(CH), and total hardness(TH). Correlation analysis was performed using SPSS software to determine the optimal inputs to the models. The analysis showed that ANFIS-PSO was the better model compared with ANFIS-ACO_R. It is noteworthy that EA models can improve ANFIS' performance at all three stations for different water quality parameters.     

Local boiling heat transfer characteristics of ammonia/water binary mixture in a vertical plate evaporator

The next-generation energy production systems are expected to be based on ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and discharged thermal energy conversion (DTEC). These systems use a plate-type evaporator and ammonia or an ammonia/water mixture as a working fluid. It is important to clarify heat transfer characteristics for designing efficient power generation systems. Measurements of local boiling heat transfer coefficients and visualizations were performed for an ammonia/water mixture (z = 0.9) on a vertical flat plate heat exchanger at a range of mass fluxes (7.5-15 kg m⁻² s⁻¹), heat fluxes (15-23 kW m⁻²), and pressures (0.7-0.9 MPa). The results show that in the case of an ammonia/water mixture, the local heat transfer coefficients increase with an increase in the vapor quality and mass flux and decrease with an increase in the heat flux. The influence of the flow pattern on the local heat transfer coefficient is also observed.     

大型渠道混凝土衬砌振捣滑模成型机的工作机理及设计

针对南水北调引水渠工程建设对渠道衬砌采用机械化的需求,通过分析渠道混凝土密实衬砌成型机理,开发出了一种大型渠道混凝土衬砌振捣滑模成型机。设备主要有行走装置、升降装置、布料装置、振捣装置、滑模成型装置、电控系统等部分组成。可一次完成渠道混凝土布料、振捣密实、提浆、挤压成型等工作,自动完成对斜坡、坡脚、坡肩的衬砌。设备具有自动控制、自动平衡、自动监测功能,自动化程度高。和国外先进设备相比,本设备结构简单,性价比高,适应性强,整机技术居国际领先水平,很好的满足了南水北调工程建设的要求。