塔河油田深井脉冲空化射流钻井试验研究

塔河油田深井钻井水力能量利用效率低、机械钻速低、钻井成本高,严重制约了勘探开发速度。针对该油田钻井实际情况,结合二开φ241.3 mm井眼地层、钻具组合和水力参数,利用水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术提高机械钻速。该技术配合常规钻具和复合钻井钻具组合使用,脉冲空化射流发生器耦合脉冲射流和自振空化射流,改善井底流场及岩面应力状态,提高钻速。该技术在塔河油田进行了4口井5井次的现场试验,在常规泵压、排量、钻井液密度等参数条件下试验井深达6 162 m,试验井段与邻井相近井段在相近工况下机械钻速平均提高33.3%~74.3%,单套钻具纯钻时间超过260.0 h。试验结果表明,塔河油田二开井段砂岩、泥岩等地层配合PDC钻头应用水力脉冲空化射流钻井技术,能够很好地提高机械钻速。      

Promoting and assessing water governance at subnational level: the experience of Brazil’s National Water Management Pact

Relying on previous experiences of goal-oriented initiatives, an inclusive method for classifying and evaluating subnational water management systems has been implemented nationwide to promote the effective participation of social actors in the establishment of water governance goals. Nowadays, the methodology has been fully adopted by all Brazilian subnational federative entities – 26 states and the Federal District – and, in most cases, it has been used as an instrument for orienting state action. This article describes this methodological approach in the light of Brazil’s legal and institutional framework for water resources management.     

Thermal field in water pipe cooling concrete hydrostructures simulated with singular boundary method

The embedded water pipe system is often used as a standard cooling technique during the construction of large-scale mass concrete hydrostructures. The prediction of the temperature distribution considering the cooling effects of embedded pipes plays an essential role in the design of the structure and its cooling system. In this study, the singular boundary method, a semi-analytical meshless technique, was employed to analyze the temperature distribution. A numerical algorithm solved the transient temperature field with consideration of the effects of cooling pipe specification, isolation of heat of hydration, and ambient temperature. Numerical results are verified through comparison with those of the finite element method, demonstrating that the proposed approach is accurate in the simulation of the thermal field in concrete structures with a water cooling pipe.     

水基钻井液用低增黏提切剂的合成与性能评价

为了实现在调控钻井液黏度的情况下获得良好的携岩能力,以丙烯酰胺（AM）、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基-N,N-二甲基丙磺酸（DMAPS）和十六烷基疏水单体（C16-D）为原料,采用自由基聚合法,制备了一种新型的两性疏水缔合聚合物（PAADDC）。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和核磁共振（1H NMR）表征了PAADDC的分子结构,采用静态光散射（SLS）测定了聚合物的分子量,并对其流变性能进行了评价。结果表明,100℃老化16 h,加量为0.2% PAADDC的钻井液的表观黏度、塑性黏度、动切力和动塑比分别为18.5 mPa·s,11.5 mPa·s,7.0 Pa和0.61 Pa/mPa·s,抗温可达160℃。与常规增黏剂相比,PAADDC具有良好的热稳定性和更佳的抑黏增切效果。在60～180℃热老化实验中,动塑比值随PAADDC用量的增加而降低。环境扫描电镜（ESEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）的观察表明,PAADDC在溶液中形成了连续的三维网状结构,这是其剪切强度显著提高的主要原因。     

Optimized solar-powered liquid desiccant system to supply building fresh water and cooling needs

This paper studies the feasibility of using a solar-powered liquid desiccant system to meet both building cooling and fresh water needs in Beirut humid climate using parabolic solar concentrators as a heat source for regenerating the liquid desiccant. The water condensate is captured from the air leaving the regenerator. An integrated model of solar-powered calcium chloride liquid desiccant system for air dehumidification/humidification is developed. The LDS model predicted the amount of condensate obtained from the humid air leaving the regenerator bed when directed through a coil submerged in cold sea water. An optimization problem is formulated for selection and operation of a LDS to meet fresh water requirement and air conditioning load at minimal energy cost for a typical residential space in the Lebanon coastal climate with conditioned area of 80 m² with the objective of producing 15 l of fresh drinking water a day and meet air conditioning need of residence at minimum energy cost. The optimal regeneration temperature increases with decreased heat sink temperature with values of 50.5 °C and 52 °C corresponding to sink temperatures of 19 °C and 16 °C.     

Experimental energy analysis of a stand-alone photovoltaic-based water pumping installation

Maturity of the photovoltaic (PV) technology is emphasized by the numerous types of applications encountered nowadays. One of the most interesting applications, however, is the use of PV units for pumping water, i.e. the implementation of PV pumping systems (PVPSs) in order to cover both irrigation and potable water needs, especially in remote areas where connection to the local grid is not always feasible. To further establish the utilization of such systems, the performance of a typical PVPS is currently examined. For this purpose, both the efficiency of the system and the ability to transfer water are determined. Detailed measurements provided by a series of experiments are used, while for increased reliability of the results presented, an error analysis is accordingly carried out. Finally, from the results obtained, one may argue that a similar PVPS not only comprises an environmentally friendly solution but also contributes substantially to the satisfaction of remote communities’ water consumption needs.     

抗静电剂对3号喷气燃料电导率的影响

考察了T1502型和STIM50型两种抗静电剂对3号喷气燃料电导率的感受性、储存稳定性的影响，在此基础上对不同原油生产的3号喷气燃料电导率感受性差异和电导率的衰减情况进行了影响因素研究。试验结果说明：不同型号的抗静电剂对同一燃料的感受性不同、储存衰减程度不同，不同原油生产的3号喷气燃料对同型号的抗静电剂的感受性不同、衰减幅度不同。这些结果为今后更加科学地选用抗静电剂提供了理论依据。     

安塞油田注水系统腐蚀结垢分析

水的热力学不稳定性和化学不相容性，是造成油水井井筒管柱、工具设备、地面集输系统、注水系统及地层结垢的根本原因。深入了解注水系统结垢趋势及结垢机理，为寻找和开发更好的防垢技术和工艺提供依据．是开展油田防腐蚀工作的必经之路，本文就污王十六转、坪四注、贺一转、招一转这四个站区回注水进行测试分析．预测结垢状况并提供相应的处理办法，以期解决安塞油田回注水腐蚀、结垢状况。     

高压水射流与化学剂复合解堵工艺的机理及应用

分析了地层污染堵塞的机理,介绍了高压水旋转射流及化学解堵的基本原理,研究了高压水射流与化学方法复合解堵的新工艺.在胜利、华北等油田30多口油水井现场试验和应用结果表明,该复合解堵技术具有工艺简单、成功率高、适用性强、效果显著等特点,对高含水期油田油水井解堵增产增注、提高采收率具有显著的经济效益和广阔的应用前景.     

喷嘴结构对高压射流特性影响研究

自20世纪70年代以来,高压水射流技术已在各工业领域逐渐得到了广泛应用,但迄今仍未能大规模采用,原因是还存在一些有待解决的问题,其中最为迫切的就是如何提高喷嘴射流效率、充分利用其能量的问题。喷嘴是水射流技术应用中获得高能量利用率的关键因素之一,其结构好坏直接影响射流质量。为充分发挥喷嘴最大效率,最大限度地利用水力能量,国内外有关专家从理论分析、数值计算和实验研究3个方面对喷嘴结构与高压射流特性的关系进行了研究分析,结果表明喷嘴结构对射流流动特性、冲蚀性能、空化现象等产生重要影响,指出提高喷嘴效率应当着眼于以下几个方面:加强基础研究;改变射流作用方式、将连续射流调制成脉动射流;充分利用空化空泡破裂压力,研制开发优质喷嘴,以期对拓宽水射流技术在工业中的应用有所帮助。