清洁底泥吹填技术及其在滇池福保湾的应用

浅水湖泊直立沿岸带一般具有水深岸陡、水体污染严重、底泥不利于水生植物生长等特点,生态恢复困难.为了修复受损的浅水湖泊直立沿岸带,结合在滇池福保湾的生态恢复实践和国内外的相关研究,提出采用清洁底泥吹填技术减少水深、改善底质性状、创造多样性地形,为水生植被恢复创造有利的生境条件.清洁底泥吹填技术的工艺流程为,首先对工程区周边进行勘察,确定泥源;接着选用合适的疏挖设备按工程区基底修复设计的要求进行吹填施工;最后在基底修复满足设计要求的前提下实施水生植被种植等工程.该技术在滇池福保湾的应用显示,吹填工程实施2年后,工程区内水生植物得到初步恢复,恢复效果明显好于未采用该技术的恢复区.     

鄱阳湖湿地重金属污染地质累积指数与潜在生态危害指数评价

本文用地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数对鄱阳湖重金属污染进行评价,结果表明：（1）评价结果表明鄱阳湖区重金属污染主要为Cu污染。鄱阳湖重金属污染的主要来源是德兴铜矿,其中Cu当然是主要污染物,因此,评价结果与实际情况是吻合的。（2）Cu、Zn、Cd污染源相同且来源于德兴铜矿,Pb表现为面源污染。湖区Cu、Zn、Cd分布均表现出从饶河段至湖口逐步降低的趋势,且Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中的含量呈现显著的相关性和偏相关性,可以推论Cu、Zn、Cd污染源相同且来源于德兴铜矿。Pb在湖区均匀分布表现为面源污染,这可能与湖区Pb污染来源于船舶燃油有关。     

粉末活性炭强化处理高藻微污染水

以太湖水为原水,进行了粉末活性炭强化处理高藻微污染水的试验研究。设计正交试验,考察改变混凝剂投加量、粉末活性炭投加量、投加点以及pH值等因素对粉末活性炭助凝效果的影响。研究了粉末活性炭强化混凝工艺对除藻及藻毒素的效果。结果表明,在pH值小于5的酸性条件以及较高混凝剂投加量下,适当投加粉末活性炭具有很好的助凝效果,能有效降低出水浊度、增加有机物的去除率;且投加粉末活性炭后能有效提高藻毒素的去除率。     

形成针对太湖流域三类水源的综合解决方案实现典型和新型污染物的协同控制

太湖流域是我国典型的水质缺水型地区,饮用水安全保障工作面临较大挑战."十三五"水专项"太湖流域饮用水安全保障工程技术与综合管理技术集成研究"课题梳理了太湖流域饮用水专项实施以来的课题及关键技术,针对太湖流域水源水质特征和区域供水特征,通过水源水质评估、关键技术遴选、工艺协同优化和示范工程验证,形成了针对太湖流域三类典型...     

云南洱海东侧引水隧道地下水环境负效应探讨

为防止隧道施工引起地下水环境恶化,将环境负效应评价体系应用于云南洱海东侧引水隧道工程中。利用AHP层次分析法对环境负效应体系各项指标选取适宜的指标权重,对实例地质条件以及水文地质条件等的分析,并采用模糊综合评判法对洱海东侧引水隧洞工程进行地下水环境负效应评价。评价结果表明:大理某引水隧道在经过萂村段时,造成的地下水环境负效应为Ⅳ级,隧道两侧约5 000 m内将出现地下水位下降,并伴随出现一定范围的地面塌陷和岩溶塌陷,以及明显的地表水系流量减少和井泉点枯竭。研究成果可为该引水隧洞的施工及设计提供参考。     

Seventy years of food-web change in South Bay,Lake Huron

Though aquatic ecosystems (and the Laurentian Great Lakes in particular) have faced many stressors over the past century, including fisheries collapses and species invasions, rarely are data available to evaluate the long-term impacts of these stressors on food web structure. Stable isotopes of fish scales from the 1940s to the 2010s in South Bay, Lake Huron were used to quantify trophic position and resource utilization for fishes from offshore (alewife, cisco, lake trout, lake whitefish, rainbow smelt) and nearshore (rock bass, smallmouth bass, white sucker, yellow perch) habitats, providing one of the longest continuous characterizations of food webs in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mean δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values for each species were compared across twenty-year time periods. Using directional statistics, no significant community-wide changes were detected between time periods from 1947 to 1999. In contrast, a significant change was detected between 1980-1999 and 2000–2017, with all species showing increased reliance on nearshore resources. The increase in nearshore resource reliance for lake whitefish between these time periods was the greatest in magnitude compared with any other species between any two adjacent time periods. Besides lake whitefish, the increased reliance on nearshore resources was more pronounced for nearshore compared to offshore species. The timing of these shifts coincided with the invasion of dreissenid mussels and round goby, and declines in offshore productivity and prey densities. These results show the unprecedented magnitude of recent food-web change in Lake Huron after 50 years of relative stability.     

Satellite based lake bed elevation model of Lake Urmia using time series of Landsat imagery

This study presents a lake bed elevation model of Lake Urmia. In the course of model generation, a time series of the extent of the lake surface was derived from 129 satellite images with different acquisition dates based on the Landsat sensors Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). Due to the rapid shrinking of the lake during the last two decades, lake surface areas ranging from 890 km² to 6125 km² could be covered. The water edge of the various lake extents was then linked to the observed water level on the day of the satellite image acquisition. The resulting contour lines, covering water levels between 1270.04 m and 1278.42 m a.s.l. and thus representing the lakebed morphology in its shallow parts, were merged with existing data (deeper parts) and interpolated to generate a lake bed elevation model. Finally, Lake Urmia’s Level-Area-Volume relationships were derived from the lake bed elevation model and compared to bathymetric data previously published.     

面向水环境改善的城市河网动态水环境容量

为掌握城市河网动态水环境容量变化规律,构建了基于“空-地-水”一体化模型体系的城市河网动态水环境容量计算模型,以粤港澳大湾区惠州市金山湖流域为研究区域,定量核算了2017年金山湖流域COD和TP动态水环境容量。结果表明,模型模拟的流量、COD和TP浓度率定、验证的相对误差均在14.04%以内;2017年,金山湖流域COD和TP水环境容量整体呈先增大后减小的趋势,受降雨影响显著,逐日容量变化范围分别为238.55~3 027.49 kg/d和3.73~58.02 kg/d;枯水期水环境容量较小且与降水量负相关;丰水期的大雨或暴雨时期水环境容量明显提升,中小雨时期COD容量与降水量负相关,TP反之;保障生态基流能明显改善容量不足的问题,全年动态生态流量保障对金山湖流域水质达标率提升效果明显。     

The role of wind-wave related processes in redistributing river-derived terrigenous sediments in Lake Turkana: A modelling study

A complete annual cycle of the dynamics of fine-grained sediment supplied by the Omo and smaller rivers is simulated for Lake Turkana, one of the world’s large lakes, with the hydrodynamic, wave and sediment transport model Delft3D. The model is forced with river liquid and solid discharge and wind data in order to simulate cohesive sediment transport and resuspension. It simulates stratification due to salinity, wave generation and dissipation, and sediment advection and resuspension by waves and currents, with multiple cohesive sediment fractions. A comparison of the simulation results with remotely-sensed imagery and with available in-situ sediment deposition rates validates the model. By devising simulation scenarios in which certain processes were switched on or off, we investigated the contribution of waves, wind-induced surface and bottom currents, salinity-induced stratification and river jet, in resuspending and transporting fine sediments in the lake basin. With only the wind or river influence, most of the sediment deposition occurs in the first 10 km off the Omo River mouth and at a depth < 10 m. When waves are switched on, increased bed shear stresses resuspend most of the fine sediments, that are then deposited further and deeper in the first 30 km, in water depths > 30 m. This study sheds new light on sediment transport in Lake Turkana and in great lakes in general, favouring the view that wind-waves can be the main agent that transports sediment away from river mouths and to deeper areas, as opposed to river-plume or gravity-driven transport.     

Life on a seamount: Lake charr at Stannard Rock,Lake Superior, 2011–2015

Lake Superior has four extant lake charr ecotypes including the ubiquitous lean (shallow-water form), the deep-water siscowet, and the less common, mid-depth redfin and humper forms. Stannard Rock is a distant seamount in Michigan waters that is a coveted recreational lean lake charr fishing destination. Lake charr at Stannard Rock were surveyed during 2011–2015 using gill nets set in waters <80 and ≥80 m to assess population status. All four ecotypes were found at Stannard Rock with leans being most abundant at depths <80 m and humpers and siscowets most abundant in waters ≥80 m. Few redfins were found. Total annual mortality was estimated to be 24% for leans, 18% for humpers, and 15% for siscowets. Population age and size structure of lake charr were broad with many fish older than 20 years and >700 mm. Asymptotic length was 891 mm for leans, 459 mm for humpers, and 938 mm for siscowets. Female length at 50% maturity was 547 mm for leans, 382 mm for humpers, and 453 mm for siscowets. Recreational fishery total harvest of leans peaked at 5,000 fish per year during 2011–2015. Overall, lake charr populations at Stannard Rock were healthy. Caution must be exercised because harvest levels were modest at Stannard Rock, which has a small area relative to nearshore lake charr habitat. These findings support the concept put forth by progressive recreational fishers that have advocated assigning Stannard Rock as a heritage fishery area with restrictive regulations to maintain its sustainability.