离心叶轮反问题气动设计的简易评价

综述了目前国内外离心叶轮反问题气动设计评价现状与局限性,结合工程实际,从反问题气动计算设计过程自然形成的速度场与求解出的叶轮几何参数出发,开展二维不可压叶片表面边界层及损失﹑叶轮内扩压水平﹑叶轮进口诱导速度比﹑叶片进口前缘冲角及相对马赫数计算,对反问题气动设计计算进行气动效率﹑失速点﹑阻塞点简易定量评估。这些评价结果与CFX计算比较,对应相对误差约为2.6%~6.1%,完全满足工程设计需求,可对透平机械工业设计作出快速评价提供借鉴。     

气动干扰下的Hex-Rotor无人飞行器控制器及其飞行实验

分析了气流扰动、翼间干扰等因素对飞行中的无人飞行器的控制精度和效果产生的影响,并给出了相应的解决方法。建立了Hex-Rotor飞行器的动力学模型,分析了升力因子不确定性导致飞行器控制效果下降的影响因素。设计了反演滑模控制器来控制飞行器的空间六自由度运动,同时考虑升力因子的不确定性采用超螺旋非线性观测器观测各个旋翼的升力因子来克服气动干扰的影响。通过原型机验证了提出的方法,结果显示:Hex-Rotor飞行器在气动干扰较大的外部环境中飞行时,水平位移跟踪误差不超过±4.5m,高度误差不超过±2.5m,姿态角度误差保持在±2°内,较大地增强了飞行器的抗扰能力。结果表明:采用本文的方法可以有效地估计各个旋翼的升力因子,从而提高Hex-Rotor飞行器的控制精度和效果。     

Wind field simulation and wind‐induced responses of large wind turbine tower‐blade coupled structure

Herein, by a case study on a 5‐MW wind turbine system developed by Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the wind field simulation and wind‐induced vibration characteristics of wind turbine tower‐blade coupled systems is analyzed. First, the blade‐nacelle‐tower‐basis integrated finite element model with centrifugal forces induced by rotational blades is established. Then, based on a harmony superposition method and the modified blade element‐momentum theory, the fluctuating wind field of tower‐blade coupled systems is simulated, which considers wind shear effect, tower shadow effect, rotational effect, blade‐tower dynamic and model interaction effects. Finally, the wind‐induced dynamic responses and wind vibration coefficients of the wind turbine tower‐blade coupled structure are discussed through the ‘consistent coupled method’ previously proposed by us. The results indicate that the wind‐induced responses of a large wind turbine tower‐blade coupled structure present complicated modal responses and multimode coupling effect. Additionally, the rotational effect would amplify aerodynamic loads on blades with high frequency, wind‐induced dynamic responses and wind vibration coefficients of wind turbine tower. The centrifugal force effect could also amplify natural vibration frequency of the tower‐blade coupled system and reduce the wind‐induced dynamic responses and wind vibration coefficients of wind turbine tower. The research could contribute to wind‐resistant design of structure for a large‐scale wind turbine tower‐blade system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

旋转体制下鸭式布局弹箭正弦打舵气动特性分析

为了研究鸭式布局弹箭正弦打舵滚转控制时非对称姿态飞行的气动特性,根据滚转周期内的飞行姿态建立了4组模型,进行风洞实验,得到全弹的气动力变化规律; 采用基于三维Navier-Stokes方程求解的时空二阶精度的隐式迭代算法,建立数值计算模型,对流场进行数值模拟,得到不同攻角下飞行时的弹箭各部件气动力数据。结果表明数值模拟气动力数据与风洞实验结果有相似的变化规律。采用后处理软件分析了鸭舵下洗对尾翼的影响,得到结论:鸭式布局弹箭鸭舵洗流对尾翼干扰明显,非对称姿态下鸭舵对尾翼的洗流会使弹箭产生诱导滚转力矩,且该滚转力矩随攻角增大而增大。     

Is the association between temperature and mortality modified by age, gender and socio-economic status?

Background

A number of studies have examined the relationship between high ambient temperature and mortality. Recently, concern has arisen about whether this relationship is modified by socio-demographic factors. However, data for this type of study is relatively scarce in subtropical/tropical regions where people are well accustomed to warm temperatures.

Objective

To investigate whether the relationship between daily mean temperature and daily all-cause mortality is modified by age, gender and socio-economic status (SES) in Brisbane, Australia.

Methods

We obtained daily mean temperature and all-cause mortality data for Brisbane, Australia during 1996-2004. A generalised additive model was fitted to assess the percentage increase in all deaths with every one degree increment above the threshold temperature. Different age, gender and SES groups were included in the model as categorical variables and their modification effects were estimated separately.

Results

A total of 53,316 non-external deaths were included during the study period. There was a clear increasing trend in the harmful effect of high temperature on mortality with age. The effect estimate among women was more than 20 times that among men. We did not find an SES effect on the percent increase associated with temperature.

Conclusions

The effects of high temperature on all deaths were modified by age and gender but not by SES in Brisbane, Australia.     

The relationship between particulate air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China

Background

A number of epidemiological studies have examined the adverse effect of air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Also, several studies have investigated the associations between air pollution and specific-cause diseases including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, little is known about the relationship between air pollution and the onset of hypertension.

Objective

To explore the risk effect of particulate matter air pollution on the emergency hospital visits (EHVs) for hypertension in Beijing, China.

Methods

We gathered data on daily EHVs for hypertension, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Beijing, China during 2007. A time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag model was used to evaluate associations between ambient air pollutants and hypertension. Daily mean temperature and relative humidity were controlled in all models.

Results

There were 1,491 EHVs for hypertension during the study period. In single pollutant models, an increase in 10 μg/m³ in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was associated with EHVs for hypertension with odds ratios (overall effect of five days) of 1.084 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.028, 1.139) and 1.060% (95% CI: 1.020, 1.101), respectively.

Conclusion

Elevated levels of ambient particulate matters are associated with an increase in EHVs for hypertension in Beijing, China.     

Microstructure of rapidly-quenched ZrO2-SiO2 glass-ceramics fabricated by container-less aerodynamic levitation technology

In this work, an aerodynamic levitation technology (ALT) was utilized to prepare ZrO₂-SiO₂ glass-ceramics with two different ZrO₂ contents, that is, 35 mol% and 50 mol%. The glass-ceramics were partially melted at ∼2000°C or fully melted at ∼3000°C by ALT, followed by rapid quenching to obtain spherical glass-ceramic beads. The phase compositions and microstructures of the glass-ceramics were characterized. Crystallization of ZrO₂ occurred during the solidification process and ZrO₂ content, processing temperature, and the addition of yttrium (3 mol%) affected the crystalline phase of ZrO₂. No ZrSiO₄ or crystalline SiO₂ were formed during the solidification process and the glass-ceramics were away from thermodynamic equilibrium due to rapid quenching. The glass-ceramics showed a microstructure of irregular-shaped ZrO₂ micro-aggregates embedded in an amorphous SiO₂ matrix, with lamellar twins and lattice defects formed within ZrO₂ crystals. For samples prepared at ∼3000°C, a liquid-liquid phase separation occurred in the melt, which eventually resulted in the formation of large and irregular-shaped ZrO₂ aggregates. In comparison, for samples prepared at ∼2000°C, pre-existed ZrO₂ crystals formed during heating acted as nucleation sites during the cooling process, followed by grain growth to form large ZrO₂ aggregates. Solidification and microstructure formation mechanisms were proposed to elucidate the solidification process during rapid cooling and the microstructure of the glass-ceramics obtained.     

用于轴流风机的轴流叶轮气动性能试验研究

参照GB/T 1236—2000《工业通风机用标准化风道进行性能试验》,对同一台轴流风机的5种轴流叶轮分别进行了气动性能试验,通过对比5种轴流风机的气动性能试验数据进行分析,研究了单级轴流叶轮的叶片角度和叶片数对其性能参数的影响,得出了全压、风量、效率随叶片角度和叶片数改变的变化规律,试验结果表明:在最高效率工况条件下,首先对比相同叶片角度,不同叶片数的第一组试验系列,得出叶片数Z=6时,风量最大,功率最小。然后在相同叶片数,不同叶片角度的第二组试验系列,得出Z=6,β=38°时,风量最大,全压最大,功率最大,全压效率居中,因此得出应用于新型轴流式灭火风机的轴流叶轮最佳叶片数和叶片角度的组合。     

轴流风机后导叶三维数值优化设计方法及其应用

基于轴流风机安装后导叶能明显改善性能,但用目前使用的二维理想的工程方法无法设计良好导叶,必须通过大量后导叶安装角试验,才能改进使用。本文提出轴流风机后导叶三维数值优化设计方法,并用于一个商用风机,设计工况全压和全压效率均提高13%,有很好的变工况性能;本文还对比了用传统工程方法设计的后导叶的性能。     

风力机叶片气动特性数值模拟

在保证定雷诺数和定风速的情况下,通过FLUENT软件分别模拟了不同攻角下二维翼型NACA4412的绕流流场,得到了翼型的表面压力分布、速度分布以及升、阻力系数,从而确定了最佳攻角。