生物质裂解油的性质及精制研究进展

综述了近年来生物质裂解油(简称生物油)物理化学性质的研究情况和生物油精制技术的进展。在详细阐述了生物油物理化学性质的基础上,概述了稳定和提升生物油品质的精制方法(加氢处理、催化裂解、乳化、水蒸气重整、提取化工产品)。综观了国内生物油的研究现状,总结了生物油研究的主要问题和未来发展方向。提出了在生物油精制技术的研究中,应重视反应机理的研究和催化剂的开发。在生物油的利用中,可将能源利用与提取有价值的化工产品相结合,达到最佳的经济可行性。     

Characterization and catalytic gasification of the aqueous by-product from vacuum pyrolysis of biomass

Spruce wood residues were treated in a vacuum pyrolysis Process Development Unit with a throughput capacity of 28 kg/h. Two aqueous phase condensate samples with COD concentration varying between 190 and 255 g/L were produced and sequentially extracted with dichloromethane and ethylacetate solvents. The soluble organic matter was composed of acidic, phenolic, alcoholic and ketonic compounds. The insoluble fraction was sequentially distilled at 100 and 110°C under atmospheric pressure. Mainly water was recovered in the first distillate, while the second distillate contained 30.4% formic and acetic acids, 69.4% water and 0.2% residual organic compounds. The distillation residue was rich in oxygen and was essentially insoluble in any organic solvent. The two aqueous phase pyroligneous samples were treated in Bat-telle's Thermochemical Environmental Energy System (TEESr?), a registered service mark of Onsite*Ofsite, Inc. of Duarte, California, U.S.A. The results of the tests showed that similar results were obtained with either feedstock. In batch tests a COD reduction of 99% was achieved. The product gas composition was typically about 49% methane, 5% hydrogen, 1 % ethane and 45% carbon dioxide. Tests in a continuous stirred-tank reactor produced reproducible data which can be used for process scale-up. Catalyst lifetime was identified as needing further improvement. The preliminary results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the catalytic gasification process as a useful step in the recovery of energy from the secondary condensate stream and the cleanup of the by-product water from vacuum pyrolysis of wood.     

An economic and environmental assessment of biomass utilization in lignite‐fired power plants of Greece

The environmental and socio‐economic impacts of biomass utilization by co‐firing with brown coal in an existing thermoelectric unit in Greece or through its pure combustion in a new plant were studied and evaluated in this work. The 125 MW_e lignite‐fired power plant in Ptolemais Power Station (Western Macedonia) was used as reference system. The environmental benefits of the alternative biomass exploitation options were quantified based on the life cycle assessment methodology, as established by SETAC, while the BIOSEM technique was used to carry out socio‐economic calculations. The obtained results showed clear environmental benefits of both biomass utilization alternatives in comparison with the reference system. In addition, co‐firing biomass with lignite in an existing unit outperforms the combustion of biomass exclusively in a new plant, since it exhibits a better environmental performance and it is a low risk investment with immediate benefits. A biomass combustion unit requires a considerably higher capital investment and its benefits are more evident in the long run. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies in the Turkish agricultural sector

This study deals with evaluating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies in the Turkish agricultural sector over a 12‐year period from 1990 to 2001. In the energy and exergy analyses, two main energy sources, namely fuels and electricity, are taken into consideration, while the sectoral energy and exergy efficiencies are compared for this period. These main energy sources include diesel for tractors and other vehicles, and electricity for pumps. Overall energy utilization efficiencies are obtained to vary between 29.1 and 41.1%, while overall exergy utilization efficiencies are found to range from 27.9 to 37.4% in the analysed years, respectively. It may be concluded that the present technique proposed here may be used as a useful tool in analysing and evaluating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies, identifying energy efficiency and/or energy conservation opportunities and dictating the energy strategies of countries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of forest and bioenergy strategies in the global carbon cycle

Forest and bioenergy strategies offer the prospect of reduced CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. Such strategies can affect the net flux of carbon to the atmosphere through 4 mechanisms: storage of C in the biosphere; storage of C in forest products; use of biofuels to displace fossil-fuel use; use of wood products which often displaces other products that require more fossil fuel for their production. We use the mathematical model GORCAM (Graz/Oak Ridge Carbon Accounting Model) to examine these mechanisms for 16 land-use scenarios. Over long time intervals the amount of C stored in the biosphere and in forest products reaches a steady state and continuing mitigation of C emissions depends on the extent to which fossil fuel use is displaced by the use of bioenergy and wood products. The relative effectiveness of alternative forest and bioenergy strategies and their impact on net C emissions strongly depend, for example, on the productivity of the site, its current usage, and the efficiency with which the harvest is used. When growth rates are high and harvest is used efficiently, the dominant opportunity for net reduction in C emissions is seen to be fossil-fuel displacement. At the growth rates and efficiencies of harvest utilization adopted in many of our base scenarios, the net C balance at the end of 100 years is very similar whether trees are harvested and used for energy and traditional forest products, or reforestation and forest protection strategies are implemented. The C balance on a plantation system that provides a constant output of biomass products can look different than the balance of a single parcel of land.     

对浙江农业优势状况的总体分析

先对浙江农业总体优势状况进行了分析,再对浙江农业内部各大部门优劣势进行分析,得出林业、渔业具有相对比较优势的结论.     

Anaerobic digestion of alkaline black liquor using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

The anaerobic digestion of alkaline black liquor from a cereal straw pulping mill was studied in batch (serum bottles) and continuous systems (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor—UASB). The batch digestion studies confirmed that lignin and related compounds (LRC) in the alkaline black liquor were the main inhibitory substances and could not be decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. At organic loading rates of 5–10 kg COD m^?3 day^?1, the UASB reactor achieved 50–60% COD removal efficiencies. Gas production was 2–3 dm³ per dm³ of alkaline black liquor. Two different sludge types were examined in the reactor: granular and cluster-like sludges. Sludge in a cluster, which involved many small granules and flocs, tended to form larger aggregates and possessed good settling ability.     

非贵金属催化5-羟甲基糠醛选择氧化的研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）作为一种连接生物质资源和精细化学品工业的多功能平台化合物,因含有醛基、羟甲基而具有非常活泼的化学性质。HMF催化选择氧化在生物质转化过程中具有十分重要的意义,近年来受到研究者们的广泛关注。其氧化产物如2,5-呋喃二甲醛（DFF）和2,5-呋喃二甲酸（FDCA）都是具有高附加值的精细化学品,可用于抗菌剂、医药中间体、合成聚酯等方面。非贵金属催化剂因具备低成本、资源丰富以及环境友好的优势,用于HMF选择氧化的相关报道已逐渐增多。阐述了HMF选择氧化的催化反应机理,着重从非贵金属催化剂的角度出发,对近年来HMF的不同催化氧化体系进行了总结和归纳。最后,展望了HMF选择氧化的研究前景,为构建绿色、高效的催化体系提供思路和参考。     

生物质能在炼铁领域应用的研究现状及展望

 在国家碳达峰和碳中和目标下,炼铁行业在改进生产技术的同时,开发可替代的新型能源以减少一次化石燃料的消耗,是实现其低碳发展的必由之路。生物质能作为一种清洁可再生能源,具有来源广泛、环境友好和碳中性等特点。天然生物质能挥发分含量高、易燃烧,而热解后的生物炭的理化性能与煤粉接近,将生物质能作为燃料和还原剂应用于炼铁生产,可以有效发挥其节能减排作用。在分析生物质能理化性能的基础上,系统阐述了生物质能在制备焦炭、高炉喷吹、烧结、球团工序中应用的研究现状。首先指出,生物质和煤粉的共热解技术是利用生物质混煤炼焦的关键。为了推进生物质焦炭在高炉冶炼中的应用,需要加强生物质焦炭对高炉软熔带透气透液性的影响研究。其次,生物质的热值、燃烧特征温度和燃烧率是影响生物质混煤喷吹效果的主要因素。提出开发生物质协同煤粉造气新技术可以拓宽高炉喷吹用生物质能的选择范围,并可生产优质富氢还原煤气用于高炉喷吹。第三,指出用适量的生物质能替代焦粉或煤粉进行铁矿粉烧结,可以保证烧结矿的质量,并产生显著的减排效果。在制备生物质含碳球团时,需要严格控制生物质的添加量,以获得高金属化率和适宜黏结性指数的球团。在今后的研究中应重点进行生物质的种类和添加量对烧结矿和球团矿质量的影响研究。最后,指出目前生物质能炼焦、高炉喷煤、烧结和球团中的应用还多处于基础研究阶段,建议今后应加快生物质能在炼铁各工序生产中的应用实践,以进一步评估生物质能在炼铁领域的使用效果和应用潜力。     

木质素液化研究进展

介绍了木质素的液化、液化产物的改良的方法及其研究进展,对将来研究发展方向以及目前面临的一些问题作了简要的叙述。