Viscoelastic properties and flow instabilities of aqueous suspensions of cellulosic fibers: Effects of a gelation agent on dispersion,rheology, and flow stability

Processing of concentrated lignocellulosic biomass suspensions typically involves the conversion of the cellulose into sugars and sugars into ethanol. Biomass is usually pretreated via methods like comminution or steam explosion to form fine cellulosic fibers to be dispersed into an aqueous phase for further treatment. The resulting cellulose suspensions need to be pressurized and pumped into and out of various processing vessels without allowing the development of flow instabilities that are typically associated with “demixing”, that is, the segregation of the cellulosic biomass from the aqueous phase via the formation of mats of cellulosic fibers and the filtration of the aqueous phase. Such demixing can prevent continuous processing at high rates. Here, the development of flow instabilities via the demixing effect for cellulose suspensions is demonstrated using capillary and compressive squeeze flows. It is shown that the use of a gelation agent, hydroxypropyl guar gum, at the critical concentration of 0.5 wt% or higher significantly affects the viscoelastic material functions of cellulosic suspensions, improves the dispersive mixing of the fibers within the aqueous phase, and results in the elimination of the flow instabilities and associated demixing effects that are ubiquitously observed during the pressurization and processing of cellulosic suspensions.     

氮硼掺杂菌糠炭：蜂窝结构用于电极材料

绿色可再生、储量丰富且成本低廉的农林废弃物在能源转化利用领域具有重要位置。本文利用中国北方最常见的农林废弃物菌糠为原料,分别以氢氧化钾、硼酸铵为活化剂和掺杂剂,通过简单的高温煅烧法制备了具有蜂窝结构的氮硼双掺杂菌糠炭（NBFC）。NBFC的微观形貌和物理结构表征结果显示：NBFC-3为表面粗糙的蜂窝状多孔材料,孔径集中在2nm左右,比表面积高达2968.48m²/g,具有相互连接的微介孔网络结构。电化学性能测试结果表明：当电流密度为0.5A/g时,NBFC-3的比电容高达297.2F/g。即使当电流密度增加到10A/g后,比电容仍可达218.5F/g,在循环5000圈后（电流密度为5A/g）,比电容保持率为94.5%,展现了良好的倍率性能和显著的电化学稳定性。综上,NBFC是一种极有潜力的电化学储能材料。该研究也为农林废弃物菌糠的高效利用提供了新思路。     

生物原油炼制： 副产物内循环及水热自催化

利用高温高压条件模拟石油生成的生物质水热液化技术可用于制备生物原油,以替代日益枯竭的石油资源,然而副产物处置问题制约了其可持续发展。解决该问题的方法首先是通过水热定向催化调控减少副产物,然后集成各种技术将副产物尽可能原位资源化。基于此并依据生物炼制的思想,本文对一种集成几种水热技术炼制生物原油的模式进行了讨论。依据生物质水热液化副产物的特性,通过对固体产物水热合成制备催化剂、水相产物回用产生有机酸、气体产物分离或彻底氧化后水热还原生产有机酸等,可实现副产物内循环并强化自催化生成生物原油。指出该模式符合绿色化工的理念,对于加快规模化生产可替代石油的生物原油、缓解能源危机具有重要的参考意义。     

考虑生物质供给价格弹性的工业园区综合能源系统规划

针对以生物质联供机组为核心的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)在实际运行过程中存在的生物质燃料收集困难、供应不稳定等问题,文章提出了一种考虑生物质供给价格弹性的综合能源系统规划方法。首先,基于生物质收购价格弹性理论建立了秸秆收集成本模型,并将其引入工业园区综合能源系统双层规划中。其次,上层模型以设备规划容量及秸秆收购价格为优化变量,以年化综合费用最小为优化目标;下层模型以设备逐时出力及秸秆消耗量为优化变量,以考虑价格弹性的秸秆收集成本在内的年运行成本最小为优化目标,并采用粒子群算法和CPLEX工具箱进行联合求解。最后,以吉林省某典型工业园区为算例验证了所提规划方法更贴合工程实际情况,具有更加优越的经济性。     

Research progress on preparation of biomass-derived porous carbon and its adsorption of pharmaceuticals in wastewater

The rapid development of urban modernization and industrialization has caused increasingly serious pollution to the environment, especially water contamination. In recent years, the content of pharmaceuticals in industrial wastewater has increased year by year, and the pollution should not be ignored any more. Therefore, the development of new porous materials for the adsorption and separation of pharmaceutical molecules in wastewater has become a current research hotspot. This article summarizes the recent research on the adsorption and separation of pollutants in wastewater by biomass-derived porous carbons (biochars). First, it briefly introduces the treatment methods of pollutants in wastewater, and mainly focuses on the preparation and modification of biochars. Combined with the surface chemical properties and pore structure of the carbon materials, this paper summarizes and prospects the adsorption properties of biochar to pharmaceuticals.     

基于加密编码矢量的农业无线传感网数据安全存储方法

无线传感网为精准农业生产环境监测提供了一种有效的解决方案。针对当前农业生产中无线传感网感知数据传输和存储过程中存在的安全性不高、存储效率不佳的问题,在研究农业无线传感网主要特征的基础上,分析了云存储技术对农业传感器感知数据存储的有效性,利用改进的网络编码技术降低了传感器感知数据在传输汇聚时对无线网有限带宽的占用率,给出了基于加密编码矢量方法的农业无线传感网感知数据传输、存取安全性和效率分析,提出了一种基于加密编码矢量的农业无线传感网感知数据信息的安全存储新方法。大田生产环境测试结果表明,基于网络编码的加密编码矢量方法安全性较高,在数据量显著增加的情况下传输性能可进一步得到提升,从而验证了本方法的合理性和实用性。     

Agro-ecosystem modeling can aid in the optimization of biomass feedstock supply

Recent European Directives promoted the development of biofuels, requesting mandatory limits to their emissions ot greenhouse gases (GHG). Second-generation biofuels based on lignocellulosic biomass are prime candidates but their GHG emissions are variable and uncertain. Agro-ecosystem modeling can capture them and the performance of biofuel feedstocks.This study aimed at optimizing feedstock supply for a bioethanol unit in France, from agricultural residues, annual and perennial crops. Their productivity and environmental impacts were modelled on a regional scale using geo-referenced data on soil properties, crop management, land-use and future weather data. Several supply scenarios were tested. Cereal straw was the most efficient feedstock but had a low availability, and only miscanthus could meet the bioethanol plant's demand. Sorghum combined poor yields and high GHG emissions compared by miscanthus and triticale. A mix of three biomass sources used less than 3% of the regional agricultural land while abating GHG emissions by 60%.     

基于物联网技术的智能农业应用系统

立足现代农业智能化发展和实际需求,合理选用ZigBee技术、无线组网技术、传感器技术、RFID技术、单片机智能控制技术、条码识别技术、嵌入式LTCP／IP技术、GSM通讯技术、GPRS通讯技术、GPS全球定位技术、DTU远程传送技术、TTS语音合成技术、自适应网关切换技术等物联网关键技术,设计了一种基于物联网技术的智能农业应用系统。该系统包括农业产品环境监测与培育平台系统、农业产品运输管理与控制系统、农业产品销售与分配管理系统等三个子系统,可通过远程交互方式来解决农作物的智能监测和培育、运输、销售等阶段的一些实际问题,最终实现农作物的科学培育、精准运输、产品溯源等智能农业应用。     

浮游植物现存量表征指标间相关性研究Ⅰ:叶绿素a与生物量

收集国内、外有关资料,并结合潘家口水库现场围隔实验,主要从实验室内研究水体、野外围隔水体及天然水体三个方面,对浮游植物叶绿素a含量与生物量间的相关性进行探讨。结果表明:在实验室条件下,叶绿素a与生物量一般呈显著正相关关系,但当优势藻种发生明显变更时,二者相关性不明显甚至不相关;现有资料显示,野外围隔实验水中,叶绿素a与生物量一般呈显著正相关。在天然水体中,叶绿素a与生物量可能相关或不相关。叶绿素a与藻密度的关系将在续文中予以讨论。     

Food security problems in sub-Saharan Africa: Operations Research as a tool of analysis

For many years, the author has been involved in teaching and research in the use of Operations Research as a tool of analysis to study food security problems in sub‐Saharan Africa, in particular, grass root problems of poor farmers. The paper presents an introduction to the way Operations Research methods have been applied in case studies and research projects, and discusses in retrospect the author's views on the strengths and limitations of the application of Operations Research. The paper has in particular been written for people who are not familiar with applications of Operations Research in agriculture, and are interested to learn about its potential usefulness in practice. The retrospective part is largely based on food security studies in e.g. Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Bénin, Togo and Eritrea and on participation in several interdisciplinary research programmes in Africa.