Conceptual design of a high-efficiency absorption cooling cycle

The search for high-efficiency, gas-fired cooling cycles has led to the development of dual-loop absorption machines with cooling coefficients of performance (COPs) in the 1.2 to 1.7 range. This increased performance may call for high generator temperatures, new working fluids or new materials of construction. In most cases, two different sets of working fluids are required. The conceptual design presented here is aimed at obtaining high efficiencies with relatively low temperatures, employing only one set of fluids. The concept consists of two loops coupled in a configuration aimed at minimizing the loss of thermodynamic availability incurred when transferring refrigerant between the loops. The working fluid pair is a solution of lithium bromide-water. The calculated COPs are of the order of 1.8. The cycle relies on an elaborate evaporator-absorber combination. The paper presents the conceptual design, the critical assumptions, and the performance calculations for the concept.     

Absorbability of Calcium From Common Beans

Absorption of calcium from white, red, and pinto beans, labeled with ⁴⁵Ca, was measured in 24 women in a three-way randomized design using a calcium load of 72 mg and milk as the referent. Fractional absorption for the three beans averaged 0.219 ± 0.047 and did not differ by type. Milk calcium absorption at the same load was more than two times higher, 0.451 ± 0.088 (P < 0.001). Oxalate content averaged 0.34%, and phytate averaged 1.7%, a stoichiometric excess relative to calcium. To evaluate the relation of phytate to reduced absorbability, labeled pinto beans were pre-treated with phytase and fed to 10 subjects. Fractional absorption rose, averaging 0.318 ± 0.071, (P <0.01 vs. untreated beans), but was significantly below that of milk. The difference was partly accounted for by phytate, with the remainder probably due to relatively high oxalate.     

Performance of absorption refrigeration cycle at maximum cooling rate

The influence of irreversibility of finite-rate heat transfer on the performance of an absorption refrigerator is investigated using an endoreversible cycle model with continuous flow. The cooling rate is adopted as an objective function for refrigerator optimization. The maximum cooling rate and the corresponding coefficient of performance are derived. The optimal performance with respect to heat transfer areas of the refrigerator is analysed. In addition, certain significant conclusions are reached.     

泡沫铝的动态压缩性能和吸能性研究

通过测量泡沫铝在动态和准静态压缩条件下的应力 -应变曲线 ,研究了泡沫铝的准静态和动态压缩行为以及不同应变条件下的吸能性 ,并对其应变率效应进行了分析。结果表明 ,在高应变速率和准静态压缩下 ,泡沫铝的σ -ε曲线均表现出弹性变形段、平缓段和密实段三阶段特征 ;泡沫铝的压缩性能具有明显的应变速率敏感性 ,随应变速率的提高 ,流动应力上升 ,吸能性升高     

Evaluation of a system of wind tunnels for field studies of ammonia loss from grassland through volatilisation

Rates of ammonia (NH₃) loss from a ryegrass sward measured using a system of small wind tunnels were compared with concurrent measurements made using a micrometeorological mass balance method. Measurements were made during two experiments within a circular plot (radius 10m) treated with urea at a rate of 200kgNha^?1. In the first experiment, air speed through the tunnels was adjusted as necessary to maintain a value of approximately 1ms^?1. This value differed on most occasions from the mean ambient wind speed which was measured at a height of 250mm and which ranged from 0.61 to 2.95ms^?1. Rates of loss measured using the wind tunnels differed by a factor of between two and five from those measured using the mass balance method; there was no consistent pattern in the differences between the rates of loss. The total losses of NH₃ measured during 15 days were equivalent to 49.1 and 30.2kg Nha^?1 for the mass balance and wind tunnel methods, respectively. In the second experiment, air speed through the tunnels was adjusted as necessary to maintain a value as close as possible to the mean ambient wind speed measured at a height of 250mm. Rates of NH₃ loss measured using the two methods did not differ significantly; total losses of NH₃ during 17 days were equivalent to 96.9 and 101kg Nha^?1 for the mass balance and wind tunnel methods, respectively. The difference between the findings of the two experiments could be attributed to the direct effect of air speed through the tunnels rather than to differences between ambient temperatures and those inside the tunnels. During and following periods of rain the rates of loss measured using the tunnels were up to six times greater than those observed with the mass balance method. Rates of loss measured by the two methods became similar again when the tunnels were moved following rain. The study demonstrates that enclosures can be designed and operated to provide reliable measurements of the rate of NH₃ loss from grassland. Potential applications of the two methods are discussed.     

Cyclic variations in the permeability of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

To study cell-cycle-related variations in wall permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two approaches were used. First, an asynchronous culture was fractionated by centrifugal elutriation into subpopulations containing cells of increasing size. The subpopulations represented different stages of the cell cycle as judged by light microscopy. Cell wall porosity increased when these subpopulations became enriched with budded cells. Secondly, synchronous cultures were obtained by releasing MATa cells from alpha-factor induced G1-arrest. These cultures grew synchronously for at least two generations. The cell wall porosity increased sharply in these cultures, shortly before buds became visible and was maximal during the initial stages of bud growth. It decreased in cells which had completed nuclear migration and before abscission of the bud had occurred. The porosity reached its lowest value during abscission and in unbudded cells. We examined the incorporation of mannoproteins into the wall during the cell cycle. SDS-extractable mannoproteins were incorporated continuously. However, the incorporation of glucanase-extractable mannoproteins, which are known to affect cell wall porosity, showed cyclic oscillations and reached its maximum after nuclear migration. This coincided with a rapid decrease in cell wall porosity, indicating that glucanase-extractable mannoproteins might contribute to this decrease.     

车载制氧机加装预冷装置的研究与实现

航空兵部队地面保障装备之一的车载移动式制氧机，采用封闭循环水冷却，由于受到使用条件的限制，多数情况下冷却效果不尽理想，加装蒸汽压缩预冷装置，即可较好地了和低冷却系统温度，提高制冷量和整机使用寿命，又可满足整车机动性，动力等技术要求。     

海上无人驻守平台上的密闭循环涡轮发电机组

海上无人驻守简易平台设计是降低原油成本的重要手段之一,密闭循环涡轮发电机组(Closed Cycle Vapor Turbogenerator)是海上无人驻守平台上应用最可靠且低维护的远程发电系统。介绍CCVT这种发电机组,并讨论了在海上工程设计中需要考虑的问题,为今后简易平台上电站的选择设计提供参考。     

从催化裂化柴油中分离高纯度2,6-二甲基萘

以大庆石油化工总厂炼油厂催化柴油为原料 ,通过精馏分离得到二甲基萘 (DMN)窄馏分 (2 5 8～ 2 70℃ ) ,经糠醛溶剂抽提 ,减压蒸馏后 ,在 -10～ -2 5℃冷冻 2～ 5h ,离心分离制得纯度约 80 %的粗 2 ,6 DMN ,再经无水乙醇在 -10～ -2 5℃重结晶 ,得到纯度大于等于 98%的 2 ,6 DMN。     

单模光纤的传输衰减随温度变化的研究

本文从实验上测量了单模石英光纤在－50～120℃范围内的损耗。随着温度升高，光纤的损耗随之降低，在常温附近达到最小。其后损耗随着温度的继续升高而增加。损耗的变化主要是由于杂质的吸收和微弯损耗。本文对杂质的吸收以及微弯损耗进行了数值模拟，并且从理论上定性地解释了损耗对温度的依赖关系。