FERMENTATION OF WORTS MADE FROM 100% RAW SORGHUM AND ENZYMES

Worts made from raw sorghum and enzymes were successfully fermented even though the level of FAN present (51 mg/l) is well below that essential for fermentation of wort made from malted barley. Changes in typical fermentation parameters such as specific gravity, pH uptake of free amino nitrogen (FAN) and ammonium ions mirrored the increase in yeast cell concentration. Yeast viability remained high throughout the fermentation. Under identical fermentation conditions, malted barley worts showed typical fermentation profiles. However, malted barley worts with specific gravity maintained by the addition of D-glucose, but in which the FAN was diluted to a level similar to that found in a wort made from sorghum and enzymes, fermented more slowly and failed to attenuate fully. Five consecutive fermentations, using yeast cropped from the preceding to pitch the current fermentation were conducted. The specific gravity profiles were essentially the same in all five fermentations. Final values of pH, yeast in suspension, yeast viability and FAN were also indistinguishable. The yeast crop taken from fermentations of worts made from raw sorghum and enzymes represented a 5-fold increase over the initial pitching rate. When compared to commercial beers, the beers derived from fermentation of worts made from raw sorghum and enzymes contained lower levels of ethyl acetate, and higher levels of both 2- and 3-methyl butanol. In the beers derived from sorghum, isobutanol was always less than 20% of the total higher alcohol concentration.     

太阳能热化学能量贮存与转化研究

分析了以氨为工质对闭式循环工况下太阳能量收集、贮存、恢复转化过程,建立了闭式太阳能热化学反应热力循环过程二维均质催化反应传热传质数学模型,并对模型计算中相关参数的选择进行了分析说明.太阳能可逆化学反应能量贮存与转化过程可有效地结合到太阳能热力发电及空调制冷之中,解决太阳能量传输受气候间隙性的影响.     

氨分解制氢催化剂的研究进展

氢能作为二次能源在可再生能源和化石能源发展中将发挥重要的桥梁和纽带作用,但其推广应用受限于氢气储存成本高和运输效率低等因素。采用氨作为储氢载体,其储氢密度高、运输技术成熟,方便分布式现场制氢就地供应,避免氢气储运带来的困扰。氨载氢技术推广应用关键在于氨分解催化剂的发展水平。对近年来用于氨分解的Ru基催化剂、非贵金属催化剂、双金属催化剂和氮化物/碳化物催化剂研究进展进行总结,分析了各种催化剂上氨分解的反应机理以及活性金属、载体、助剂和制备方法对催化剂物化性质和催化性能的影响,指出了不同类型催化剂的优势和不足,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

N-油酰基肌氨酸钠对除盐水缓蚀性能的探讨

对N-油酰基肌氨酸钠单体的缓蚀性能以及与常用除盐水缓蚀剂的协同作用作了探讨,发现在一定浓度下,单体对经过加氨调节后的高温除盐水(氨后除盐水)有良好的缓蚀作用,且与大多数除盐水缓蚀剂有良好的协同效应。在此基础上研制了一种复合药剂,并对其缓蚀、阻蚀性能作了研究。动电位极化曲线扫描图谱表明,该复合药剂属于抑制阳极腐蚀的阳极型缓蚀剂,其适用的水质条件为[Cl~-+SO_4~(2-)]不超过50 mg／L,pH不低于8.0；与阻垢剂复配,可以适用于含Ca~(2+)不超过45 mg／L的水质条件。     

逃逸发动机批量生产装药质量一致性控制

针对中国载人航天工程空间站任务高密度发射的特点,逃逸系统固体火箭发动机进行了批量生产实践.介绍了逃逸发动机生产过程可能出现的质量薄弱环节,并从人员控制、设备工装检定维护、原材料的批次性管理、环境控制以及工艺风险分析、数据包络分析等方面强化质量风险防控体系.采取的控制措施提高了批量生产装药质量的一致性.     

预估型氨法脱硫控制系统研究

燃煤发电系统中氨法脱硫控制系统具有时变、大延时、大惯性的特点。针对典型的大延迟系统,文中提出基于Smith预估器的脱硫控制系统,通过抵消系统被控对象中的纯滞后环节来提高系统的实时性。Smith预估器依赖准确的PID模型,系统中PID参数整定仍存在不确定性。利用SOA算法对PID参数进行整定,将绝对误差积分ITAE作为适应度函数,通过对适应度值的不断寻优,找到最佳的比例积分微分系数组合。仿真结果表明,相较于Smith预估器控制下的脱硫系统,基于SOA的Smith预估PID控制系统跟随性好且反应迅速,调节时间缩小为原来的9%,峰值时间缩小为原来的5%,具有较小的超调量,系统的实时性和稳定性得到保证。上述结果证明该算法对工程控制系统有效,并具有良好的应用前景。     

Comparing alternative cellulosic biomass biorefining systems: Centralized versus distributed processing systems

This study explores how two different cellulosic ethanol production system configurations (distributed versus centralized processing) affect some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol, measured as minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and various environmental impact categories. The eco-efficiency indicator, which simultaneously accounts for economic and environmental features, is also calculated. The centralized configuration offers better economic performance for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration is economically superior for large-scale biorefineries. The MESP of the centralized configuration declines with increased biorefinery size up to a point and then rises due to the cost of trucking biomass to the biorefinery. In contrast, the MESP in the distributed configuration continuously declines with increasing biorefinery size due to the lower costs of railroad transportation and the greater economies of scale achieved at much larger biorefinery sizes, including biorefineries that reach the size of an average oil refinery—about 30,000 tons per day of feedstock. The centralized system yields lower environmental impacts for most impact categories than does the distributed system regardless of the biorefinery size. Eco-efficiency analysis shows that the centralized configuration is more sustainable for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration with railroad transport is more sustainable for large-scale biorefineries. Compared with gasoline from petroleum, cellulosic ethanol fuel offers sustainability advantages for the following environmental impact categories: fossil energy consumption, global warming, human health impacts by particulate matter, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, human health cancer, and human health non-cancer, depending somewhat on the biorefinery sizes and the system configurations.     

CFB锅炉尾部喷氨水深度烟气脱硫试验流场优化研究

针对某电厂设计的循环流化床(CFB)锅炉尾部烟道喷氨水深度烟气脱硫系统,通过现场试验得到喷入氨水后灰中CaO的质量分数和烟气中SO2的质量浓度,采用Fluent软件对其尾部喷氨水深度烟气脱硫流场进行数值模拟,分析了不同喷嘴位置和角度时氨水在烟道中的运动轨迹、质量浓度分布和烟气进出口压降,确定了气液混合效果较好时的最佳喷嘴位置和角度.结果表明:当喷嘴进口氨水质量流量为0.056kg/s,上层喷嘴在y=2.4m处、角度为水平方向,下层喷嘴在y=1.6m处、与水平方向成45°斜向下时,氨水在烟道中的充满度以及与烟气的混合效果最好,脱硫效率最高可达60.13%,烟气进出口压降为42.3Pa;烟气进出口压降的数值计算结果与现场试验数据较吻合.     

660MW超超临界机组运行方式对SCR系统氨逃逸率的影响

以某台660MW超超临界机组为例,通过燃烧调整及SCR运行调整,研究了主要运行参数对氨逃逸率的影响.结果表明:氨逃逸率随着脱硝效率提高而提高,当脱硝效率高于设计值(65%)时,氨逃逸率上升幅度增大;SCR入口NOx质量浓度存在一个最佳值(约200mg/m3)使得氨逃逸率最低,最佳的燃尽风率和最佳氧体积分数分别为18%和3%,过高的燃尽风率或过高的氧体积分数对氨逃逸率的影响尤其显著;在额定机组负荷下,氨逃逸率较高,而机组负荷在500 MW及以下时,氨逃逸率总体降低约60%.     

煤基氨-动力多联产系统的设计和分析

煤基氨-动力多联产系统是一种建立在能量梯级利用概念基础上,融合了煤气化联合循环发电系统和合成氨流程的化工-动力多联产系统.利用大型化工流程模拟软件Aspen Plus对各系统进行了流程模拟,分析比较了分产系统和多联产系统的性能,指出该多联产系统可节能9.1%.借助于图像分析法,揭示了系统性能改善的内部机理.图11参10