污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化优化设计与运行探讨

对国内典型的污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化系统进行调研发现,厌氧消化系统的运行管理尚存在诸多问题。在总结白龙港污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化调试与运行管理经验的基础上,针对厌氧消化工艺存在的普遍性问题,提出了厌氧消化系统设计和运行管理方面的建议,以促进工艺设计优化,提高运行管理水平。     

Breakthrough Technologies for the Biorefining of Organic Solid and Liquid Wastes

Organic solid and liquid wastes contain large amounts of energy, nutrients, and water, and should not be perceived as merely waste. Recycling, composting, and combustion of non-recyclables have been practiced for decades to capture the energy and values from municipal solid wastes. Treatment and disposal have been the primary management strategy for wastewater. As new technologies are emerging, alternative options for the utilization of both solid wastes and wastewater have become available. Considering the complexity of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of these wastes, multiple technologies may be required to maximize the energy and value recovery from the wastes. For this purpose, biorefining tends to be an appropriate approach to completely utilize the energy and value available in wastes. Research has demonstrated that non-recyclable waste materials and bio-solids can be converted into usable heat, electricity, fuel, and chemicals through a variety of processes, and the liquid waste streams have the potential to support crop and algae growth and provide other energy recovery and food production options. In this paper, we propose new biorefining schemes aimed at organic solid and liquid wastes from municipal sources, food and biological processing plants, and animal production facilities. Four new breakthrough technologies—namely, vacuum-assisted thermophilic anaerobic digestion, extended aquaponics, oily wastes to biodiesel via glycerolysis, and microwave-assisted thermochemical conversion—can be incorporated into the biorefining schemes, thereby enabling the complete utilization of those wastes for the production of chemicals, fertilizer, energy (biogas, syngas, biodiesel, and bio-oil), foods, and feeds, and resulting in clean water and a significant reduction in pollutant emissions.     

Effect of particle size on quality of crab meatballs using enzymatically deproteinized crab by-products

The production of crab meatballs generates large amount of crab shell waste, it is therefore necessary to develop a green, economical and environmentally friendly process to vaporize the waste. This study was aimed at investigating the applicability of microwave heating combined with ultrasonic field-assisted alkaline protease (MUSED) (50 ℃, pH = 9.0, 14025.67 U/g, 4.21 h and liquid/material = 14.41:1) for pretreatment of ball-milled crab shells. The ball milling efficiency of the crab shell powder pretreated by MUSED was observed to increase by 50 % compared to the control group, with the final average particle size of D₄ = 4.88 ± 0.20 um. High calcium solubility and low energy consumption of the ball-milled powder increased dietary calcium bioavailability and reduced the potential for high calorie intake. The addition of 6 % (w/w) crab shell powder treated by MUSED improved the texture of the crab meatballs (CM-D₄) and gave the product enhanced crab flavor relative to the control group. Moreover, the lower cooking loss of CM-D₄ resulted in significant retention of nutrients (p < 0.05). The crab shell powder treated by MUSED method was more efficient in ball milling, which improved the quality of crab meatballs while relieving environmental pressure.     

微波消解法快速测定废水中的总磷

采用微波对废水中的总磷进行消解,考察了消解时间、功率等不同实验条件对标样微波消解的影响,得出本实验消解的最佳条件,即过硫酸钾溶液用量为 0.5 mL,压力为10 MPa,消解时间为 2 min：并将该法与总磷测定的常规方法进行了比较,结果表明,过硫酸钾-微波消解法操作简单,效率高,对工作环境污染小.最后对微波消解法的精密度和准确度进行验证,实验结果表明其具有良好的精密度和准确度.     

山梨酸废水的生化处理

山梨酸生产废水有机浓度高、可生化性好、含盐量高。废水中CODCr为8000-16500mg/L，B/C≥0.5，含盐量≥15g/L。本工程通过淹没式厌氧生物滤池和膜分离活性污泥法处理，CODCr总去除率高达93%-99%，出水CODCr≤300mg/L，达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》行业二级排放标准，顺利通过当地环保部门的验收。     

Cytochemical investigation of the digestive gland of two strombidae species (Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis) in relation to the nutrition

Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis are threatened species and aquaculture represents a good alternative solution to the fishing. In this study, we highlighted the intracellular digestion process in the digestive gland of two Strombidae species, S. gigas and Strombuspugilis, by the cytochemical characterization of two lysosomal enzymes: acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. In order to check the efficiency of artificial food digestion, we conducted the characterization on freshly collected, starved and artificially fed individuals of S. pugilis. TEM observations of digestive gland sections from freshly collected individuals of both species revealed the presence of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activity mostly located in the apical third of digestive cells. Both enzymes were also detected in artificially fed individuals. In response to the starvation, acid phosphatase is not produced anymore by digestive cells, while arylsulfatase is still present. To our knowledge, this is the first cytochemical validation of intracellular digestion of artificial food in Strombidae. This study highlights the intracellular digestion of artificial food developed for Strombidae aquaculture. Moreover, we have shown that the lysosomal activity could be used as a feed index. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

升流式厌氧污泥床二次启动试验研究

目的将已经停运3个月的升流式厌氧污泥床二次启动,研究了二次启动过程及各个运行参数的影响,为实际应用提供科学方法和实验依据.方法采用动态连续进水,调节适当的pH值、碱度,逐步提高负荷,控制水浴保温35±1℃,研究UASB反应器二次启动过程.结果经过42 d的运行,完成了反应器二次启动,此时COD质量浓度为10 120 mg/L,COD容积负荷达到19.4 kg/(m3.d),COD去除率高达84.7%,沼气产量高达每去除1 kg COD产生0.44 m3.结论控制启动过程中各种运行参数,可以在短期内恢复到最大负荷,完成二次启动过程.     

焙烧锂云母含氟量对锂溶出率的影响研究

对不同含氟量的焙烧锂云母进行了压煮溶出试验。结果表明：将焙烧锂云母的含氟量控制在2．5％以下，并采用适当工艺，可以使LiO2的溶出率达到97％～98％。     

采用HSB菌种生化处理焦化废水

采用HSB微生物菌种技术和缺氧一好氧组合工艺处理焦化废水。研究表明：该技术处理焦化废水有很好的效果，其中COD指标从3000mg／L左右降至150mg／L以下，处理效率96．7％以上；NH3-N指标从500mg／L降至15mg／L以下，处理效率97％以上；出水酚、氰、油等污染物均可达排放标准（GB8978-1996）。     

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定化肥中微量Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定化肥中微量Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg元素。仪器经条件优化，以In为内标，样品的基体效应和仪器漂移能得到很好的补偿。微波消解和敞开酸溶两种样品处理方法比较可知，微波法具有更高的精密度和准确度。方法的标准加入回收率在85-120％，RSD％〈15％，误差完全符合GB18877-2002的规定，方法简便快速。