Co-digestion of poultry manure and residues from enzymatic saccharification and dewatering of sugar beet pulp

This study investigates the co-digestion of poultry manure (PM) with sugar beet pulp residues (SBPR) obtained from saccharification and dewatering of sugar beet pulp. The laboratory-scale experiments were conducted under batch and semi-continuous conditions at mesophilic temperatures (35 °C). Batch tests gave specific biogas and methane yields of 590 dm³/kgVS_fed and 423 dm³CH₄/kgVS_fed, respectively for SBPR, whereas the corresponding values for PM were 434 dm³/kgVS_fed and 300 dm³CH₄/kgVS_fed. The co-digestion of PM with SBPR was found to increase biogas and methane yields compared to the manure alone. In semi-continuous reactor experiments, the highest methane yield of 346 dm³ CH₄/kgVS_fed was achieved for the mixture containing poultry manure with 50% SBPR (weight basis) and a solids retention time (SRT) of 20 days. However, when poultry manure was digested as a sole feedstock, the biogas production was inhibited by ammonia, whereas the co-digestion of PM with 25% SBPR was slightly affected by volatile fatty acids, which concentrations exceeded 4000 g/m³.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定华阳川多金属矿石中铌

华阳川铀铌铅多金属矿石中的金属离子被硅晶核包裹,不易浸出,且铌元素易水解沉淀,这些均给测定样品中铌带来了难题。实验采用氢氟酸、硝酸、酒石酸混酸体系以微波消解法处理样品,以Nb 309.418 nm为分析谱线,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定华阳川铀铌铅多金属矿石中铌的方法。确定微波消解的程序为:0~30 min从室温达到180 ℃,30～60 min从180 ℃到200 ℃,60～90 min鼓风降温。实验表明:铌的质量浓度在0.10～2.00 μg/mL范围内与其发射强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 946,方法检出限为0.002%。因样品中主成分二氧化硅绝大部分在样品制备时已和氢氟酸反应生成四氟化硅逸出,而样品溶液中其他共存元素的质量浓度均不大于80 μg/mL,故基体效应可忽略。采用实验方法测定铌质量分数为0.030 2%~0.189%的华阳川多金属矿石样品,6次平行测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.1%~3.9%。考虑到铌钽元素通常伴生,元素性质十分相近,且矿性高度相似,所以实验采用有铌认定值的钽矿石标准物质为测定对象,按照实验方法进行测定,测得结果与认定值基本一致。采用国家标准方法GB/T 17415.2—2010和实验方法进行方法对照,结果表明,二者对华阳川多金属矿石样品中铌的测定结果基本一致。     

UASB+MBR+NF处理焚烧垃圾渗滤液的设计及运行

介绍了UASB+MBR+NF工艺处理某垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的工艺流程、构筑物设计参数及运行情况。运行结果表明,该工艺对垃圾渗滤液具有较高的去除率,COD、BOD5、NH3-N、SS的去除率分别高达99.84%、99.94%、99.28%、99.83%。处理后出水的各项指标可以达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)中的一级排放标准。采用该工艺去除1 kg COD需要花费0.57元。与城市污水厂生活污水的运行费用相比,该工艺具有较好的经济性。     

不同条件下餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气状况分析

餐厨垃圾具有水的质量分数高、易腐烂、富含油脂和有机质等特点,对餐厨垃圾处理不当会对人类生产生活造成极大危害.结合餐厨垃圾的特点提出高温厌氧发酵处理,对不同条件下(温度、水的质量分数、接种率)餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气过程进行了实验研究.通过对实验数据的分析,得出:不同条件下餐厨垃圾中水的质量分数对其厌氧发酵产沼气过程的日产气量、产气速率、产气稳定性等指标的影响较大,接种率的影响次之,温度的影响最小.     

Simultaneously determination of methyl and inorganic mercury in fish species by cold vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple and rapid non-chromatographic method was developed to determine methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (iHg) levels in muscles tissues of 10 freshwater fish species. The MeHg and iHg were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry after alkaline wet digestion of samples. The digested samples were reduced sequentially with stannous chloride and sodium tetrahydroborate for iHg and MeHg, respectively. Parameters such as carrier gas flow rate (argon), volume of oxidizing and potassium persulphate solutions were investigated in detail. The accuracy of the technique was evaluated by using certified reference material (DORM-2) and spiking the both Hg species in muscles tissue of a fish. The limits of detection were 0.117 and 0.133 μg kg⁻¹ for MeHg and iHg, respectively. The concentrations of MeHg and iHg in muscles tissues of ten fish species were found in the range of (28.4–56.3) and (3.01–8.11) μg kg⁻¹, respectively.     

Influence of the Substrate/Inoculum Ratio on Process Stability and Performance during Batch Digestion of Grass Silage

The impact of the substrate/inoculum ratio on the performance and process stability during batch digestion of grass silage, an important substrate in biogas plants, was investigated. The methane yield, degradability, and evolution of intermediary products were monitored in mesophilic reactors fed with increasing amounts of grass silage. A first‐order kinetics model was also applied. Signs of inhibition were observed for the highest loadings, but the system recovered and process failure was not observed. The methane yield decreased with increasing loading but the system was resilient to high loadings under batch conditions.     

Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from three freshwater carps (Catla catla,Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) using Flavorzyme

Fish protein hydrolysates from three freshwater carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala with different degree of hydrolysis (DH) (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), were prepared using Flavorzyme enzyme and designated as HCF, HRF and HMF, respectively. The angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hydrolysates was found to vary from 43 ± 2% to 71 ± 3%. Based on ACE inhibitory activity, HRF with DH‐15% was taken up for further study. The mode of ACE activity inhibition by HRF‐DH 15% was mixed type as revealed by Lineweaver–Burk plot. Sequential digestion of HRF‐DH 15% using pepsin and pancreatin decreased the ACE inhibitory activity from 76% to 63%. Partial purification of HRF‐DH 15% by size exclusion chromatography gave three different fractions designated as F‐1, F‐2 and F‐3 with the molecular mass in the range of 6456–407 Da. Fraction 2 had significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity than the other fractions.     

体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型分析发酵对面粉铁生物利用率的影响

中国居民膳食以谷物为主食,谷物中铁吸收率低是造成营养性贫血的主要原因,适当的加工方式可缓解谷物中植酸、多酚等物质对铁生物利用率(Fe bioavailability,FeBV)的影响。为考察酵母发酵对面粉FeBV的影响,采用体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型。结果表明,面团在发酵后pH值呈下降趋势,酸度呈上升趋势;多酚、植酸含量降低,植酸酶活性升高,以上各指标在发酵前后差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。发酵后面粉样品的FeBV增加约5%~38%,大多数面粉FeBV发酵前后比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:发酵可降低面粉的pH值,增加酸度,有利于面粉多酚和植酸的降解以及植酸酶活力的升高,可有效提高面粉FeBV。     

Effects of size and autoclavation of fruit and vegetable wastes on biohydrogen production by dark dry anaerobic fermentation under mesophilic condition

Fermentative hydrogen production from fruit and vegetable wastes (FVWs) through Dry Fermentation Technology (DFT) was studied through three independent experiments in order to find out the effect of particle size and autoclaving pretreatment on bio-hydrogen production from FVWs and as follows: (1) autoclaved FVWs with sizes < 5 cm (experiment I); (2) raw FVWs with sizes < 5 cm (experiment II) and (3) autoclaved FVWs with sizes > 5 cm (experiment III). The assay with autoclaved waste yielded a higher percentage of hydrogen in the headspace of the dry fermenter reaching a maximum value of 44% in experiment I. However, the maximum hydrogen production was obtained in experiment III with 14573 NmL at a yield of 23.53 NmL H₂/gVS. Profiling of the microbial communities by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) indicated that the most prominent species were the genera Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.