Metal Ions versus Protons: Tracking of Charge-Carrier Insertion into a Cathode Oxide in Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries

Protons in aqueous electrolytes can perform as an additional type of charge carrier for insertion/extraction in addition to the primary carrier cations in aqueous rechargeable batteries. Despite many diverse claims regarding the effect of protons, mutually conflicting experimental results and their interpretations without direct evidence have been reported over the last decade. Systematic examinations and analyses are thus imperative to clarify the conditions of proton insertion in aqueous rechargeable batteries. Utilizing V₂O₅ as a model cathode and beaker-type cells with a sufficient amount of ZnSO₄ aqueous electrolytes in this work, it is demonstrated that protons are inserted into the cathode prior to Zn-ions in low-pH conditions (pH ≤ 3.0). In stark contrast, the influence of protons on the discharge voltage and capacity is insignificant, when either the pH becomes higher (pH ≥ 4.0) or the electrolyte volume is considerably low in coin-type cells. Similar behavior of pH-dependent proton insertion is also verified in Na–, Mg–, and Al-ion electrolytes. Providing a resolution to the controversy regarding proton insertion, the present study emphasizes that the influence of protons substantially varies depending on the pH and relative volume of electrolytes in aqueous batteries.     

Shape design of cerium oxide nanoparticles for enhancement of enzyme mimetic activity in therapeutic applications

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs), widely used in catalytic applications owing to their robust redox reaction, are now being considered in therapeutic applications based on their enzyme mimetic properties such as catalase and super oxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activities. In therapeutic applications, the emerging demand for CONPs with low cytotoxicity, high cost efficiency, and high enzyme mimetic capability necessitates the exploration of alternative synthesis and effective material design. This study presents a room temperature aqueous synthesis for low-cost production of shape-selective CONPs without potentially harmful organic substances, and additionally, investigates cell viability and catalase and SOD mimetic activities. This synthesis, at room temperature, produced CONPs with particular planes: {111}/{100} nanopolyhedra, {100} nano/submicron cubes, and {111}/{100} nanorods that grew in [110] longitudinal direction. Enzymatic activity assays indicated that nanopolyhedra with a high concentration of Ce⁴⁺ ions promoted catalase mimetic activity, while nanocubes and nanorods with high Ce³⁺ ion concentrations enhanced SOD mimetic activity. This is the first study indicating that shape and facet configuration design of CONPs, coupled with the retention of dominant, specific Ce valence states, potentiates enzyme mimetic activities. These findings may be utilized for CONP design aimed at enhancing enzyme mimetic activities in therapeutic applications.

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A Two‐Stage Annealing Strategy for Crystallization Control of CH3NH3PbI3 Films toward Highly Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells

The solvent‐engineering method is widely used to fabricate top‐performing perovskite solar cells, which, however, usually exhibit inferior reproducibility. Herein, a two‐stage annealing (TSA) strategy is demonstrated for processing of perovskite films, namely, annealing the intermediate phase at 60 °C for the first stage then at 100 °C for the second stage. Compared to conventional direct annealing temperature (DHA) at 100 °C, using this strategy, MAPbI₃ films become more controllable, leading to superior film uniformity and device reproducibility with the champion device efficiency reaching 19.8%. More specifically, the coefficient of variation of efficiency for 49 cells is reduced to 5.9%, compared to 9.8% for that using DHA. The TSA process is carefully studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. It is found that in comparison with DHA the formation of hydrogen bonding and crystallization of perovskite are much slower and can be better controlled when using TSA. The improvements in film uniformity and device reproducibility are attributed to: 1) controllable MAPbI₃ crystal growth stemming from the progressive formation of hydrogen bonding between methylammonium and halide; 2) suppression of intermediate phase film dewetting, which is believed to be due to its decreased mobility at the initial low‐temperature annealing stage.     

论毛泽东关于社会主义矛盾学说的创立及其意义

在《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》一文中,毛泽东从哲学高度指出了社会主义社会存在两类性质不同的矛盾,首次创立了关于社会主义社会矛盾的学说,本文将以全新的视角,解读其重大理论意义和实践意义,深入研究其理论价值,从而为当代中国构建社会主义和谐社会和全面建设小康社会提供理论支撑．     

“两课”改革必须处理好的几个问题

长期以来，两课的教学效果不尽如人意，这既有两课的课程设置和教学内容选择方面的问题，也有教学的方式方法问题。只有正确处理好“做人的学问”和“做事的学问”；马克思主义理论与人文素质教育；国家意志和学生需要；教学与科研等方面的关系，两课教学才能充分发挥其在培养具有中国特色社会主义事业的建设者和接班人中的应有作用。     

N—甲基二乙醇胺水溶液选择性吸收H2S和CO2—数学模拟与分析

针对天然气净化厂中脱硫脱碳过程,采用平衡溶解度的概念和物料平衡建立了H2S和CO2在N-甲基二乙醇胺水溶液中选择性吸收的数学模型,对实际工业过程进行了模拟计算。分别考查了操作压力和胺液循环量等因素来分析吸收塔吸收酸性气体的情况,得出了提高操作压力和吸收液的流量均难以增加二氧化碳的吸收量,并将该模型的预测值与实际工况条件下进行了对比。数据模拟结果,提出在这一特定条件下的改进措施与方法,即采取中段脱除二氧化碳的方法,可得气流中二氧化碳的体积分数从4.7%降到3%,满足生产要求。这些结果对吸收塔的实际操作与改造提供了理论依据。     

二维小波变换理论在地震信号去噪中的应用

针对地震信号随机干扰和规则干扰的特点，运用二维小波变换的理论，设计了相应的变换域去噪滤波器。理论记录和实际野外记录试算表明，二维小波变换具有较强的信噪分离作用。只要运用得当就能取得满意的效果。     

HRB400带肋钢筋切分工艺的实践

简明介绍了攀钢集团成都钢铁有限公司棒材连轧生产线应用切分轧制技术生产HRB400小规格带肋钢筋的工艺、设备、技术、坯料控制特点及生产中值得注意的几个问题。     

The effects of refractive index heterogeneity within kidney tissue on multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy

Although multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy has improved the depth at which useful fluorescence images can be collected in biological tissues, the reach of multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy is nonetheless limited by tissue scattering and spherical aberration. Scattering can be reduced in fixed samples by mounting in a medium whose refractive index closely matches that of the fixed material. Using optical 'clearing', the effects of refractive index heterogeneity on signal attenuation with depth are investigated. Quantitative measurements show that by mounting kidney tissue in a high refractive index medium, less than 50% of signal attenuates in 100 μm of depth.     

25℃NH_4Cl-KCl- H_2O三元体系相平衡的研究

研究了２５℃ＮＨ４Ｃｌ－ＫＣｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ三元体系的固液相平衡关系,测定出有关溶解度数据, 结果表明该体系存在纯 ＮＨ４Ｃｌ、纯 ＫＣｌ、 ＮＨ４Ｃｌ为主的固溶体及 ＫＣｌ为主的固溶体等 ４个 结晶区．