Non-starch polysaccharides from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineenis) meal—preparation of cell wall material and extraction of polysaccharide fractions

Two different chemical methods, sequential extraction with alkali and sodium chlorite and treatment with 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide (MMNO), were applied to the extraction of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from the enzymically deproteinated, water-insoluble cell wall materials of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) meal. The NSP content accounted for 550 g kg^?1 (sunflower meal) and 750 g kg^?1 (palm kernel meal) of the cell wall materials. Neither of the treatments alone was capable of solubilising more than about half of the original NSP. Combined treatment using alkali/chlorite followed by MMNO completely dissolved cell wall material from palm kernel meal, whereas a small residue (40 g kg^?1 of original NSP) was left in sunflower meal. Loss of NSP occurred with both methods (total NSP recovery ranging from 88% for alkali/chlorite extraction of sunflower to 64% for MMNO extraction of palm kernel). Due to differences in solubility revealed upon acidification and/or dialysis, extracts became subdivided into precipitates and soulble fractions. The sugar composition of the resulting fractions enabled a tentative identification of teh major non-starch polysaccharides; sunflower meal was found to contain cellulose, (acidic) xylans, polyuronide-containing fractions and xyloglucan; palm kernel meal was found to contain mannans, cellulose and xylans, with the major part of the mannans originating from the endosperm and the xylans being almost exclusively located in the endocarp.     

Effect of partial delignification of kenaf bast fibers for radiation graft copolymerization

Malaysian kenaf bast fiber was treated by acidic chlorite to be applied for a trunk polymer radiation‐induced graft copolymerization. The delignification conditions such as temperature, reaction time, and sodium chlorite (NaClO₂) loading were optimized from the viewpoints of density, tensile strength, and reactivity of grafting. It was found that delignification condition at 80°C for 6 h with 0.5% NaClO₂ gave 91% of lignin removal from the kenaf bast fibers. In this case, the density, fineness, and tensile strength of the kenaf fiber decreased about 46, 44, and 87%, respectively. Reactivity of grafting was evaluated using 4‐chloromethyl styrene to obtain widely available precursor materials. The partial delignified kenaf with residual lignin less than 2% resulted in degree of grafting of 134%, which is enough for precursor materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

周口拗陷和通许隆起二叠纪砂岩中石英的二次增生

对周口和通许两地区 4口井砂岩的薄片观察、多种测试、分析 ,发现砂岩中石英的增生可分窄边型、宽边型和自形边型 3种 ,增生石英的发育情况与砂岩的类型、成分等密切相关 .宽边和自形边型增生石英形成的温度一般在 1 0 0℃～ 1 50℃ .硅质物来源主要是孔隙内原生孔隙水供给、成岩过程中泥层蒙脱石→伊利石转化供给、或长石的溶解作用供给 .成岩中晚期有机质向烃转化发生脱羧基作用 ,地下流体变为酸性 ,促进了长石颗粒的溶解 ,增加了硅物质供给 .通过研究该地区内砂岩石英的增生 ,对进一步分析区内砂岩的孔隙演化、次生孔隙形成、砂岩储层物性等具有重要意义     

莺-琼气区天然气主气源及注入史分析

通过对莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地天然气、凝析油的地球化学特征分析 ,认为莺歌海盆地底辟带天然气主气源为上第三系梅山组、三亚组海相泥岩 ,YC1 3-1气田天然气主气源为下第三系陵水组、崖城组滨海沼泽及浅海相源岩。有机包裹体、成岩作用和天然气分布等研究结果表明 ,莺歌海盆地底辟带天然气为多期幕式充注 ,最晚一期为富含 CO2 天然气的充注 ;YC1 3-1气田天然气总体上为连续充注。     

ClO_2及ClO_2~-和 ClO_3~-混合液对大鼠血液学指标的影响

通过对大鼠９０ｄ喂养试验,研究了ＣｌＯ２及其副产物ＣｌＯ２和ＣｌＯ３混合溶液对大鼠血液学指标的影响,结果表明,大鼠血液学指标,即白细胞计数（ＷＢＣ）和血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）方差分析结果显示,ＣＩＯ２混合液对其均未产生影响（ｐ＞０．０５）;对谷－丙转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、总蛋白（ＴＰ）、白蛋白（ＡＬＢ）和球蛋白（ＧＬＯ）的方差分析表明,其对照组和高剂量组雌雄相比无显著性差异（ｐ＞０．０５）。     

The impact of ferrous ion reduction of chlorite ion on drinking water process performance

The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) as a primary disinfectant and pre-oxidant in drinking water treatment is being explored as an alternative to chlorine for reducing disinfection by-product formation and to assure compliance with United States Environmental Protection Agency's Stage 1 Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule. However, the ClO₂ by-product chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻) is also regulated by the same regulation. Ferrous iron (Fe(II)) has been shown to effectively reduce chlorite ion to chloride ion (Cl⁻) and this study was conducted to evaluate the impact on overall treatment process performance due to the ferric hydroxide solids that form from the reaction. Ferrous iron application was explored at three different points in a pilot-scale water treatment system: pre-rapid mix, pre-settling and pre-filter. Chlorite ion concentrations were effectively reduced from 2 mg/L to less than 0.3 mg/L using an Fe(II) dose of approximately 6 mg/L for all trials. Fe(II) addition at the rapid mix caused no adverse effects and, in fact, allowed for reduction of the alum dose due to the newly formed ferric hydroxide acting as a supplemental coagulant. An increase of 241 and 247% of total suspended solids influent to the filter process was observed when Fe(II) was applied at the pre-settling and pre-filter locations. Pilot-scale filter runs during these trials were less than 2 h and never obtained true steady state conditions. Jar testing was performed to better understand the nature of the ferric hydroxide solids that are formed when Fe(II) was oxidized to Fe(III) and to explore the effectiveness of Fe(II) addition at intermediate stages in the flocculation process.     

THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CHLORITE TREMOLITE MARBLE MEASURED FOR A RANGE OF RADIO FREQUENCIES

This article attempts to present a simple approach to measuring the electrical properties of rocks over the frequency range from 50 MHz to 950 MHz. These electrical properties, and especially the resonating frequency points, may prove useful in the transfer of radio frequency energy to rock samples for precomminution treatment of run of mine ore. The rock sample that was used consists of calcite, tremolite, and chlorite, with minor opaques and minute inclusions of magnetite in the chlorite. The petrography and geochemistry of the sample are presented. The rock sample was used as the dielectric material in a parallel-plate capacitor. Impedance and phase-angle measurements were obtained using a vector voltmeter, radio frequency generator, power splitter, and coaxial cables and connectors. The resistivity, conductivity, and resonance curves of this sample are graphically portrayed versus frequency.     

香花玉黑色斑块的矿物学与光谱学特征

2015年底在郴州临武陆续发现了透闪石质玉,这是湖南省第一次发现原生透闪石质玉矿床,国内对该玉石的研究基本是空白.利用宝石显微镜放大观察矿物外观特征,并且在常规岩石矿物光薄片鉴定基础上,利用红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪大型仪器对香花玉中黑色斑块的矿物成分及光谱学特征进行详细系统的研究.经分析得出形成黑色斑块的矿物有两种:一...     

201、325和706铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石研究

以岩矿鉴定结果和电子探针绿泥石分析数据为依据,将325、706花岗岩型铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石分为假象绿泥石和鳞片状绿泥石。后者由前者转变而成,转变过程中存在着铁的迁出与镁的加入,迁出的铁形成赤铁矿,可能是造成碱性蚀变带呈红色的原因之一。201、325铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石为铁镁绿泥石和蠕绿泥石,706铀矿床蚀变带绿泥石主要属密绿泥石和铁斜绿泥石,少数属铁镁绿泥石。研究发现绿泥石变种由蚀变带原岩的∑FeO与MgO比值大小决定,与铀矿蚀变带是否为酸性和碱性没有必然的对应关系;绿泥石晶胞中镁羟基和铝羟基相对比例大小不同,是导致其吸收位置在2259～2262nm和2348～2359nm的诊断性吸收峰发育程度存在差别的原因。