低腐蚀自生热压裂液体系的室内研究

针对陕北油气井压裂破胶不彻底的问题,着重研究了适合低温浅层油气井压裂液破胶的自生热体系,通过研制腐蚀性小的激活剂,筛选出了腐蚀性低的自生热压裂液体系.实验结果表明:将激活剂Ⅰ和激活剂Ⅱ进行复配,加入自生热增压体系中,体系的腐蚀性大幅下降,腐蚀速率仅为0.048 5g.(m2.h)-1;同时该压裂液体系的破胶速率明显加快,在60min后,压裂液的粘度降低至7mPa.s     

矿物成分相关的黏土一维压缩特性分析

为了探索不同黏土矿物成分对黏土一维压缩特性的影响,采用高岭土、伊利土、蒙脱石及绿泥石,按不同质量比例混合来制备重塑土样,进行室内标准一维压缩试验。大量试验结果对比表明：①高岭土与伊利土混合土样的压缩指数（C_c）和回弹指数（C_s）都随伊利土含量的增加而增加;②高岭土、伊利土与蒙脱石混合土样的C_c和C_s随蒙脱石含量的增加而增大,且蒙脱石的作用占主导地位;③高岭土、伊利土、蒙脱石及绿泥石混合土样的C_c和C_s随蒙脱石与绿泥石二者含量之和的增加而增大,且蒙脱石的作用占主导地位。基于试验结果,总结出各黏土矿物成分影响的压缩指数与回弹指数的非线性表达式。此外,试验表明所有混合土样的压缩指数与回弹指数的比值（C_c/C_s）介于6.1和9.1之间变化。     

我国绿泥石资源特征及其工业利用

本文根据国内外绿泥石矿床的成矿作用与资源特征,进行了绿泥石矿床分类,并通过对收集到的我国绿泥石23个矿石样品进行研究,总结了我国绿泥石资源特征,对绿泥石工业利用及其技术指标进行了探索,提出了以二氧化硅、氧化镁与氧化铝合量、氧化铁作为绿泥石的评价指标。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部长6和长8储层特征及酸敏机理

运用铸体薄片、X衍射、扫描电镜、能谱、等离子发射光谱仪等分析测试技术,对鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组湖盆中部长6和长8储层酸敏特征及机理进行分析的结果表明,长6和长8储层的敏感性为改善-弱酸敏性.绿泥石膜的溶蚀作用是造成改善型储层的主要原因;绿泥石与盐酸的反应过程中,反应残余的绿泥石晶片堵塞喉道,这是形成弱酸敏型储层的主要原因.对酸敏残液分析结果表明,在一定时间内不可能形成Fe(OH)₃沉淀及堵塞喉道.因而,在储层酸化过程中应注入足量的酸化液,使残余物发生完全反应.但酸化液不宜在地层中滞留时间太长,否则易形成沉淀,从而降低渗透率.     

油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素年代学研究现状与展望

作为油气成藏史研究中的一项新内容,油气储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素年代学研究受到了广泛重视并取得了一系列重要进展。充分发育的伊利石成岩作用及伊利石成岩作用与油气注入事件具有成因联系是应用该项技术的前提条件。对于具有埋藏较浅或尚未固结成岩,虽埋藏较深但含有蒙皂石和/或伊利石/蒙皂石无序间层矿物,高岭石、绿泥石含量较高以及虽然自生伊利石发育但与油气注入事件没有成因联系等特征的砂岩储层,可能并不适用。其次对年龄数据必须结合样品特征和各种地质资料进行综合分析,合理运用并允许所测得的年龄数据具有一定的偏差。开展模拟自然风化过程的冷冻-加热样品解离试验和X射线衍射、透射电镜伊利石成因类型鉴定及其定量分析技术是提高该项技术水平的主要发展方向。     

白庙构造油气成藏特征

白庙构造位于东濮凹陷兰聊断裂带中部,现已发现7套含油气层系。根据自生伊利石测年法及流体包裹体法综合分析,白庙构造油气藏分为4期成藏:第一期约在38Ma,相当于沙河街组三段沉积期,此期因构造活动强,油气藏难以保存,所以此期对成藏意义不大。第二期约在28～314Ma,相当于东营组沉积时期,此期类似于第一期。第三期在254～204Ma,相当于东营组沉积后的抬升剥蚀期,由于东营组沉积后的抬升剥蚀,压力下降,断裂活动强度变小,有利于油气成藏,所以,此期为油气藏的主要形成时期。第四期为2Ma,为油气藏重新调整、分配时期。白庙构造油气藏的形成与兰聊断层的活动强度密切相关,随着活动强度的增加,流体压力不断加强,直至超过岩石的破裂强度,油、气、水以混相形式排出;当温度、压力下降时,油、气、水三相分离,于高压体系上部形成油气藏。这一过程周而复始,形成了白庙地区独特的三层式压力系统。     

莺-琼气区天然气主气源及注入史分析

通过对莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地天然气、凝析油的地球化学特征分析,认为莺歌海盆地底辟带天然气主气源为上第三系梅山组,三亚组海相泥岩,YC13－1气田天然气主气源为下第三系陵水组,崖城组滨海沼泽及 浅海相源岩,有机包裹体,成岩作用和天然气分布等研究结果表明,莺歌海盆地底壁带天然气为多期幕式充注,最晚一期为富含CO2天然气的充注,YC13－1气田天然气总体上为连续充注。     

库车冲断带巴什基奇克组砂岩自生高岭石成因与油气成藏

克拉2构造是该区最大的气田,白垩系储层自生高岭石也最为发育,平均相对含量大于20%,以书页状和蠕虫状分布于骨架颗粒间。克拉3、克拉1和吐北1等勘探失利的圈闭,高岭石均不发育。克拉2构造自生高岭石是长石颗粒在地层酸性介质中溶解的沉淀产物,同时伴随次生孔隙的形成。其成岩环境处于开放或半开放流体系统。这一成岩环境既能保证来源于下伏源岩层系酸性流体的注入,又要允许长石等溶解物质的排出。自生高岭石与次生孔隙的形成过程与天然气的充注,为两个机理上紧密联系的共生过程。贯通-贯穿型断裂向下贯通烃源岩、向上又断穿膏盐岩盖层,构成超压流体运移的主通道。有贯通-贯穿型断裂发育的地区,不仅具备了自生高岭石与次生孔隙的形成条件,而且有利于天然气成藏。断裂输导通道的类型对比表明,克拉苏构造带比秋里塔克构造带更有利于天然气的成藏。     

The Effectiveness of Sanitizer Treatments in Inactivation of Salmonella spp. from Bell Pepper, Cucumber, and Strawberry

ABSTRACT: Four different postharvest treatments for removal of Salmonella from bell pepper and cucumber were examined, including washes with chlorinated water (HOCl; 200 ppm), acidified sodium chlorite (ASC; 1200 ppm), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 75 ppm), and treatment with gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂; total 100 mg). Only ClO₂ gas was evaluated for decontamination of strawberries. Each produce was inoculated with approximately 1.0 × 10⁷ colony-forming units (CFU) of a 5-serovar cocktail of Salmonella on artificially created wounds, smooth surfaces, and stem scar tissue. For tests involving smooth surface inoculation, ASC and PAA treatments decreased contamination to undetectable levels on bell pepper and cucumber, while the chlorine treatment of bell pepper reduced contamination by approximately 2-logs. For stem scar contamination on bell pepper, ASC and PAA treatments both showed >2-log unit reductions, and chlorine treatment showed a <1-log unit reduction. For puncture wounds on bell pepper, HOCl, ASC, and PAA treatments reduced bacterial levels approximately 2-, 3-, and 1-log units, respectively, indicating that HOCl and ASC were more effective than PAA. These aqueous treatments of cucumber with puncture wounds reduced bacterial levels approximately 1-, 2-, and 2-log units, respectively. ClO₂ treatment decreased counts to undetectable levels on all inoculation sites on cucumber and on strawberry smooth surfaces, but failed to completely eliminate Salmonella from bell pepper and from the stem scar and the puncture wounds of strawberry. ASC treatment of bell pepper and ClO₂ gas treatments of cucumber showed the best efficiency for inactivation of Salmonella. ClO₂ treatments effectively reduced Salmonella cells inoculated on the smooth surface and stem scar of strawberries compared with unsanitized control.     

Acidified sodium chlorite as an alternative to chlorine to control microbial growth on shredded carrots while maintaining quality

Shredded carrots are particularly susceptible to microbial growth and quality deterioration as a result of a large cut surface area to mass ratio. Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) in the concentration range 500–1200 µL L^?1 has been shown to have stronger efficacy against pathogens and spoilage bacteria than chlorine and does not form carcinogenic products. However, ASC in this concentration range aggravates tissue damage. The objective of this study was to optimize ASC treatment parameters to balance antimicrobial activity with quality retention of shredded carrots. Shredded carrots were immersed for either 1 min in 100, 250 or 500 µL L^?1 ASC solutions or 2 min in 200 µL L^?1 chlorine or water (control). Treated samples were spin‐dried and packaged in polypropylene bags and stored at 5 °C for up to 21 days. Carrots were evaluated at 7‐day intervals for visual appearance, package atmosphere composition (O₂ and CO₂), product firmness, tissue electrolyte leakage and pH. The microbial growth, including total aerobic bacterial counts, total coliforms/Escherichia coli, yeast and mold counts and lactic acid bacterial counts on the products was also determined. Treatments with all concentrations of ASC reduced the aerobic bacterial counts, coliform/E. coli counts, yeast mold and counts and lactic acid bacterial populations by 1.2–2.0 log cfu g^?1 when compared with the water‐washed and unwashed samples. During storage, unwashed samples had a sharp increase in lactic acid bacterial populations accompanied by a sharp decline in pH readings and rapid loss in firmness and tissue integrity; samples washed with 100 µL L^?1 ASC maintained the best overall visual quality, accompanied by the retention of tissue integrity and firmness. Therefore, 100 µL L^?1 was determined as the optimum concentration of ASC for maintaining overall quality and firmness, inhibiting microbial growth and prolonging the shelf‐life of shredded carrots. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry