The influence of speed,cyclists’ age,pedaling frequency,and observer age on observers’ time to arrival judgments of approaching bicycles and e-bikes

Given their potential to reach higher speed levels than conventional bicycles, the growing market share of e-bikes has been the reason for increased concerns regarding road safety. Previous studies have shown a clear relationship between object approach speed and an observers’ judgment of when the object would reach a predefined position (i.e., time to arrival, TTA), with higher speed resulting in longer TTA estimates. Since TTA estimates have been linked to road users’ decisions of whether or not to cross or turn in front of approaching vehicles, the higher potential speeds of e-bikes might result in an increased risk for traffic conflicts. The goal of the two experiments presented in this paper was to examine the influence of speed and a variety of other factors on TTA estimation for conventional bicycles and for e-bikes. In both experiments, participants from two age groups (20–45 years old and 65 years or older) watched video sequences of bicycles approaching at different speeds (15–25 km/h) and were asked to judge the TTA at the moment the video was stopped. The results of both experiments showed that an increase in bicycle approach speed resulted in longer TTA estimates (measured as the proportion of estimated TTA relative to actual TTA) for both bicycle types (η_p²_Exp.1 = .489, η_p²_Exp.2 = .705). Compared to younger observers, older observers provided shorter estimates throughout (Exp. I: M_Diff = 0.35, CI [0.197, 0.509], η_p² = .332, Exp. II: M_Diff = 0.50, CI [.317, 0.682], η_p² = .420). In Experiment I, TTA estimates for the conventional bicycle were significantly shorter than for the e-bike (M_Diff = 0.03, CI [.007, 0.044], η_p² = .154), as were the estimates for the elder cyclist compared to the younger one (M_Diff = 0.05, CI [.025, 0.066], η_p² = .323). We hypothesized that the cause for this effect might lie in the seemingly reduced pedaling effort for the e-bike as a result of the motor assistance it provides. Experiment II was able to show that a high pedaling frequency indeed resulted in shorter TTA estimates compared to a low one (M_Diff = 0.07, CI [0.044, 0.092], η_p² = .438). Our findings suggest that both the e-bikes’ potential to reach higher speeds and the fact that they reduce the perceived cycling effort increase the risk of TTA misjudgments by other road users.     

电动自行车用VRLA电池循环特性的研究

分别研究了电动车用VRLA电池组在85%DoD和全放电循环模式下的平均电压、不均衡率和电池容量的变化规律。试验结果表明:蓄电池长期85%DoD循环,会产生电池容量衰减问题,多次全放电可有效恢复。含添加剂M的蓄电池,容量衰减和不均衡率等指标得到明显改善。蓄电池最终失效是由失水引起的。因此,采用合适的循环模式,可以减少失水,有效地延长使用寿命。     

城市低碳交通发展策略研究--以深圳市为例

通过解析城市低碳交通的内涵,提出了低碳交通发展的主要路径,以深圳市为例,其发展低碳交通时应该采取“空间减碳、方式减碳、技术减碳、管理减碳”四位一体的综合战略。     

踏板式自行车的结构强度、刚度的计算与分析

本文对国内、外两种踏板式自行车的结构强度,刚度进行了计算与分析,结论是沈阳自行车研究所设计的踏板式自行车比国外的踏板式自行车更安全,更舒适。此项研究对改进自行车的车型和结构设计有参考价值。     

探析电动自行车火灾防治措施

现如今电动自行车成为了我们日常生活中一种必不可少的交通工具,在给我们带来了极大的便利、提供了更高的工作效率和更快的节奏的同时,由于其自身安全性能低、操作不方便等因素导致火灾事故频繁发生.文章借鉴了上海市2020年电动车自行车火灾案例和数据,探索分析电动车自行车火灾的危害和成因,提出了电动车自行车火灾的防治措施.     

基于SAPAD-Kano的高校电动自行车充电服务系统设计研究

目的 针对目前各高校日益重视电动自行车充电服务系统建设,但用户实际充电体验不佳的问题,从用户行为角度研究服务系统设计以提升用户体验满意度。方法 调研用户行为并梳理出不同行为情景,基于SAPAD模型分析用户充电行为过程,通过“核心意义簇-物”的映射分析得到功能服务模块,引入Kano模型分类并筛选出符合用户需求的功能服务模块。结果 重构高校电动自行车充电站服务系统,以Z高校为例重新设计充电站布局、充电桩设备与微信小程序,制作充电桩模型,发放5点李克特量表满意度问卷以对比设计前后的用户评分,显示用户满意度显著提高。结论 基于SAPAD-Kano模型的服务系统设计方法能够实现用户行为、用户需求与功能设计间的映射,并确保功能设计与用户需求的吻合度,为相似设计及评估提供参考。     

基于量子反应均衡的政府与共享单车企业停车管理博弈分析

共享单车停车问题是城市交通治理中最主要的问题之一,其表面为共享单车用户停车行为不规范、共享单车企业管理调度不及时所致,究其本质实为共享单车各利益主体缺乏有效协同治理机制、停车权责划分不清晰、成本分担失衡的结果.考虑政府与共享单车企业的有限理性,建立扩展式博弈的量子反应均衡(QRE)模型分析双方停车管理博弈机理,并利用Gambit软件进行算例仿真分析.研究表明:双方博弈结果随理性程度增加逐渐趋向于基于完全理性的子博弈精炼纳什均衡,政府掌握更多企业运营信息有利于达到社会效用最大化的博弈结果;政府引入有效处罚措施或主导负责停车管理可以降低自身的财政支出和社会总成本,建立量化的处罚标准能够促进企业主动承担停车管理责任;有限理性程度、违停数量、激励机制和科技手段运行效率会影响企业的停车管理策略选择.     

电动自行车火灾调查的难点与要点探析

电动车是日常生活中的常见的交通工具,其具有方便化、便捷化的基本特征,能够满足人们的日常生活需求.近年来,随着电动车市场持续扩大,我国的电动车保有量持续增加,但人们对于电动车火灾的认识却未提高,这也导致电动车火灾事故频繁发生.电动车火灾一般是由于蓄电池故障所引发,此类火灾具有自身的独特性,而做好电动车火灾调查工作有利于加强火灾预防,减少电动车火灾的发生概率.文章简要分析了电动车火灾的原因,并着重分析了电动车火灾调查的难点与要点,以期为相关工作者带来一定的参考价值.