氯和氯胺冲击消毒对二次供水管道生物膜的控制作用

针对建筑二次供水管壁生物膜对饮用水的生物安全性构成的潜在威胁,采用生物膜反应器(BAR)模拟二次供水管道,研究氯和氯胺冲击消毒过程对管壁生物膜的细菌总数、大肠杆菌和异养菌(HPC)灭活效果以及对生物膜结构的影响.结果表明,在第80天时生物膜中生物量达到最大,生物膜宏基因组分析表明,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)为优势菌种.冲击消毒对生物膜的灭活效能与氯和氯胺的质量浓度以及CT值有关,在相同CT值条件下,高质量浓度氯和氯胺的灭活效果更佳.氯和氯胺的生物膜灭活效果对比可以看出,在低投量条件下,氯的细菌总数和大肠杆菌灭活效果好于氯胺,但氯的HPC灭活效果弱于氯胺;在高投量条件下,消毒剂质量浓度和CT值与生物膜的灭活效果无明显相关性,可以达到快速消毒的效果.在氯和氯胺的投加质量浓度为3.0 mg/L、CT值300~400 mg·min/L的最佳冲击消毒条件下,生物膜中细菌总数、大肠杆菌和HPC的灭活率均达到95%以上.从生物膜的表面特性分析可以看出,冲击消毒后生物膜结构破坏明显,生物膜变薄或脱落;氯冲击消毒对生物膜的破坏和削减程度优于氯胺,更有利于管道生物膜的控制.     

Effects of COD to Phosphorus Ratios on the Metabolism of PAOs in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal with Different Carbon Sources

To elucidate the phosphorus removal and metabolism under various COD / P ratio,a sludge highly enriched in PAOs was used to investigate the impacts of COD / P in batch tests under different carbon supply conditions. Acetate,propionate and a mixture of acetate and propionate at a ratio of 3 ∶ 1( COD basis) was used as carbon sources with the COD / P of 20,15,10 and 5. 0 g COD /gP,respectively. The minimum COD / P ratios for complete P removal were found to be 8. 24 g COD /gP for acetate,11. 40 g COD /gP for propionate and9. 10 g COD /gP for the 3 ∶ 1 mixture of acetate and propionate. Converted to a mass basis,all three cases had a very similar ratio of 7. 7 g VFA /gP,which represented a useful guide for operation of EBPR plants to identify possible shortages in VFAs. The trend in PHV accumulation during the anaerobic period along with the decrease of COD / P ratios suggested that,PAOs may use the TCA pathway for anaerobic VFA uptake to maintain the required NADH production with reduced glycogen degradation. During the aerobic phase,the glycogen pool was reduced but remained enough compared to the requirement for anaerobic VFA uptake,and the synthesis and degradation of glycogen was not the inhibition factor of PAOs.     

生物慢滤系统对再生水中氮磷降解的试验研究

利用生物慢滤系统中菌-藻共生的特点,对用于景观补水的再生水中氮磷进行有效的去除,可有效预防由于再生水中氮磷营养盐浓度较高而引发的景观水体富营养化问题。通过生物慢滤系统净化再生水的试验研究表明,生物慢滤系统在保持上覆水深为80cm、滤层厚度为80cm、滤速为0.1m/h的条件下,对水体中总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数平均去除率分别为57.55%、50.16%、46.37%、66.32%和47.04%,叶绿素a的去除率可达95.75%;经生物慢滤系统处理后的再生水在景观储存过程中藻类的生长缓慢,叶绿素a含量始终维持在较低水平,氮磷含量较低且趋于稳定。经生物慢滤池处理的再生水用于景观水体的补充水源,可减少富营养化的发生频率。     

废水的反歧化生物脱氮技术研究进展

自荷兰学者Strous等在反硝化过程中发现了生物反歧化脱氮(厌氧氨氧化)现象之后,该技术在近十余年中已经成为废水脱氮领域的研究热点问题之一.并由于低廉的运行成本和快速的脱氮效率,而使其在高氨氮废水脱氮领域中具有广阔的应用前景.本文总结了生物反歧化脱氮技术的研究与应用发展过程,并对该技术的实际工程运用前景进行了展望.     

东北地区植物花色类别与传粉者之间的相关性

花色一直被认为是吸引传粉者的诱物之一,是开花植物与传粉者长期相互选择的结果。作者统计了东北地区虫媒植物共计1 142种,同时利用出版物和网络资料提供的照片并比对标准色谱,确定这些虫媒植物花的颜色和色谱范围。发现在东北地区,单色系花中白色花所占比例最大,超过35%,黄色系和红色系次之,各占20%多一点,橙色花最少,仅占2%,其余为混合色系花,即一朵花或一个花序上的花有两种以上颜色。针对色谱分类结果以及东北地区常见的传粉昆虫的相关资料,讨论了花的颜色与传粉者之间的相关性。     

响应曲面法优化河蚬发酵去腥工艺

采用生物发酵法对河蚬进行去腥处理,通过单因素试验研究酵母用量、发酵温度和发酵时间对去腥效果的影响,再运用响应曲面试验设计进行优化试验,确定最佳发酵去腥工艺条件。其最佳工艺条件为：以lOOg河蚬计,酵母2g、发酵温度36℃、发酵时间2h。     

The Impact of Fluid Dynamic Stress in Stirred Bioreactors – The Scale of the Biological Entity: A Personal View

From the start of industrial biotechnology, there has been a perception that biological entities are damaged by stirring, so-called ‘shear damage'. Often, it was the soft option to explain a loss of performance when it was due to other factors, such as bubble ingestion with proteins or on scale-up, where tip speed increased when it was due to decreased homogeneity, especially in pH. For many years, poor control and the range of analytical tools available made a more in-depth explanation difficult; and the concepts of ‘high' and ‘low shear' impellers, now largely disproven, increased it. Here, the size of the biological entity is compared to the Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence leading to a reasonably clear picture emerging. The article starts with the author's introduction to the issue approximately 42 year ago with enzymes, conveniently also the smallest entity; and finishes with the largest, filamentous fungi.     

Open-cell polyvinylidene fluoride foams as carriers to promote biofilm growth for biological wastewater treatment

This article reports the design and fabrication of open-cell polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) foams as carriers that can promote biofilm growth and organic removal efficiency for biological wastewater treatment in attached growth bioreactors. Open-cell PVDF foams were fabricated by a manufacturing approach that integrated compression molding and particulate leaching. PVDF carriers were structured with two governing factors of leaching agent types (e.g., sodium chloride [NaCl] and sodium acetate [NaOAc]) and contents (e.g., 80 and 90 wt%). Open-cell PVDF foams possessed high porosity and high protected surface area (i.e., more than ×10 to ×20 of the areas of commercialized carriers), which promoted biofilm growth in these carriers. As a successful advantage, PVDF carriers used in the moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) were entirely covered by biofilm in both interior and exterior parts without clogging. This provides strong evidence of the bacterial compatibility of the fabricated open-cell PVDF foam carriers. Moreover, the specific morphology of the PVDF carriers in this article provided superior biofilm protection from the detachment in MBBR. Experimental results revealed that PVDF open-cell foams fabricated by 80 wt% of NaCl demonstrated higher mechanical strength with an organic removal efficiency of 77% ± 7% in the corresponding bioreactor containing them.     

Conformational Modeling of Continuum Structures in Robotics and Structural Biology: A Review

Hyper-redundant (or snakelike) manipulators have many more degrees of freedom than required to position and orient an object in space. They have been employed in a variety of applications ranging from search-and-rescue to minimally invasive surgical procedures, and recently they even have been proposed as solutions to problems in maintaining civil infrastructure and the repair of satellites. The kinematic and dynamic properties of snakelike robots are captured naturally using a continuum backbone curve equipped with a naturally evolving set of reference frames, stiffness properties, and mass density. When the snakelike robot has a continuum architecture, the backbone curve corresponds with the physical device itself. Interestingly, these same modeling ideas can be used to describe conformational shapes of DNA molecules and filamentous protein structures in solution and in cells. This paper reviews several classes of snakelike robots: (1) hyper-redundant manipulators guided by backbone curves; (2) flexible steerable needles; and (3) concentric tube continuum robots. It is then shown how the same mathematical modeling methods used in these robotics contexts can be used to model molecules such as DNA. All of these problems are treated in the context of a common mathematical framework based on the differential geometry of curves, continuum mechanics, and variational calculus. Both coordinate-dependent Euler–Lagrange formulations and coordinate-free Euler–Poincaré approaches are reviewed.     

基于生理振动分析的手机用户身份识别

为保护手机用户的个人信息,对用户进行身份识别认证,提出一种生物识别方法。利用智能手机内置的传感器,采集人体的生理振动信息;通过对采集数据进行去重力等预处理,提取均值、方差、能量、峰度、偏度等特征指标,利用z‐score方法进行标准化处理;进行分类器设计,得出分类器的查准率、误检率等评价指标。分析60组不同用户的生理振动数据,分析结果表明,该分类器的查准率最高可达98?33％。