Determination of the Fe2+/Fe3+ Ratio in Nuclear Waste Glasses

The Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratios of 47 simulated nuclear waste glass samples with ratios varying from 0.01 (oxidized) to 1.6 (reduced) were determined by wet-chemical and Mössbauer spectral analyses. The wet-chemical method involved the spectrophotometric determination of Fe²⁺ and total iron using remote spectroscopy with fiber optic chemical sensing. Interferences from other species present in these glasses were examined and alternative analytical techniques were investigated. Results of wet-chemical and Mössbauer spectral analysis were comparable; however, the wet-chemical method is probably preferable for the analysis of highly radioactive glasses until such glasses have been shown to have satisfactory Mössbauer spectra.     

REACTION KINETICS PARAMETERS DESCRIBING DISPLACEMENT BY ACIDS OF STRUCTURAL METALLIC IONS FROM CLAY MINERALS

Chemical kinetics parameters describing reactions of naturally-occurring clay minerals with acids were determined using batch reaction and analytical techniques. Clay minerals included sodium montmo-rillonite, kaolinite, and illite, reacting with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. Two acid concentrations were examined at 50 and 70^°C. Displacement by acids of aluminum and magnesium from clays was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. Data analysis verified the batch reaction technique for determining kinetics parameters of acid-clay reactions and demonstrated acid neutralization by naturally-occurring clays. For reactions of sodium montmorillonite with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, reaction rate coefficients for displacement of aluminum ranged from 1·73 × 10^-4 kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 3·02 × 10^-3 kg/mol-hr at 70^°C. Displacement of magnesium from sodium montmorillonite by these acids occurred at rates ranging from 3·68 × 10^-4 kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 1·12 × 10^-2 kg/mol-hr at 70^°C. Activation energies for displacement by acids of aluminum from sodium montmorillonite were calculated to range from 31,000J/mol to 112,000J/mol, while activalion energies for displacement of magnesium from sodium montmorillonite ranged from 36.000 J/mol to 103,000 J/mol. For reactions of illite with acids, reaction rate coefficients for displacement of aluminum were determined to be 1·45×10^-4Kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 1·7×10^-3kg/mol-hr at 70^°C. Displacement of magneisum by acids from illite occurred at rates from 6·06 × 10^-4 kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 5·97 × 10^-3 kg/mol-hr. Activation energies for reactions of acids with illite ranged from 33,000 J/mol to 62,000 J/mol for displacement of aluminum and from 9,400 J/mol to 29,000 J/mol for displacement of magnesium.     

聚丙烯腈-亚铁氰化钾镍对Cs~+的动态吸附性能

通过动态吸附实验,研究了聚丙烯腈基亚铁氰化钾镍(PAN-KNi CF)对模拟放射性废水及实际放射性废水中Cs+的吸附效果,并采用SEM、FT-IR、XRD等对吸附剂进行了表征。结果表明,PAN-KNi CF能够有效地去除水中的Cs+,当溶液中含有共存离子时,PAN-KNi CF吸附Cs+的穿透曲线都从右向左移动;减容比为2 122时,PANKNi CF对实际放射性废水中137Cs的去污因子仍高达512;被PAN-KNi CF吸附的137Cs衰变成137Bam后会从PANKNi CF上解析下来。     

钛铁试剂共振散射法测定废胶片中的银含量

在p H 3.5的B-R(Britton-Robinson)缓冲溶液中,钛铁试剂(Tiron)和Ag(Ⅰ)在室温下发生配位反应,使得体系在323 nm处产生1个较强的共振散射峰。在优化实验条件下,体系的共振散射强度增加值(ΔI)与Ag(Ⅰ)的质量浓度(0.010~4.0μg/m L范围内)呈良好的线性关系,其检出限为27.4 ng/m L。该法操作简便、灵敏度高、选择性好,用于废胶片中Ag含量的测定,回收率为96.8%~98.7%。     

生物质基重整油模型化合物芳构化制BTX轻质芳烃

以戊醇和己醇为生物质基重整油的模型化合物,分别在ZSM-5,Beta和USY催化剂上进行醇芳构化反应制取苯、甲苯和二甲苯(BTX)等芳烃的研究。结果表明:ZSM-5催化剂显示出较好的芳构化性能,液相产物中的BTX可达90%以上;采用急冷淬灭反应的方法对可能的中间物种进行了分析和捕捉,发现取代的烯烃和环烷烃是反应的主要中间物种;模型中间体实验验证了醇类化合物经历了脱水、环化和脱氢等步骤生成BTX芳烃的反应历程。     

Sulfonated Beet Pulp as Solid Catalyst in One-Step Esterification of Industrial Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

In this research a new heterogeneous catalyst has been prepared for biodiesel production. The catalyst was prepared by sulfonating industrial sugar waste. Unlike homogeneous catalysts, which require further purification and separation from the biodiesel production reaction media, this inexpensive synthetic catalyst does not need to go through an additional separation process. This advantage consequently minimizes the total application costs. The catalyst was prepared by partially carbonizing sugar beet pulp at 400 °C. The carbonization product was then sulfonated with concentrated H₂SO₄ vapor in order to produce a solid catalyst. The prepared catalyst was used in the esterification reaction between palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and methanol. The effects of the temperature, methanol/PFAD ratio, reaction time and catalyst dosage on the efficiency of the production were individually investigated. The optimum biodiesel production occurred at 85 °C, a reaction time of 300 min, catalyst dosage of 3 g and methanol/PFAD ratio of 5:1 (mol/mol), lowering the acid value from 198 to 13.1 (mg KOH/g oil) or the equivalent, with a fatty acid methyl ester yield of around 92 %. The results suggest that the synthesized inexpensive catalyst is useful for biodiesel production from PFAD.     

Co-Production of Fungal Biomass Derived Constituents and Ethanol from Citrus Wastes Free Sugars without Auxiliary Nutrients in Airlift Bioreactor

The potential of two zygomycetes fungi, Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae, in assimilating citrus waste free sugars (CWFS) and producing fungal chitosan, oil, and protein as well as ethanol was investigated. Extraction of free sugars from citrus waste can reduce its environmental impact by decreasing the possibility of wild microorganisms growth and formation of bad odors, a typical problem facing the citrus industries. A total sugar concentration of 25.1 g/L was obtained by water extraction of citrus waste at room temperature, used for fungal cultivation in shake flasks and airlift bioreactor with no additional nutrients. In shake flasks cultivations, the fungi were only able to assimilate glucose, while fructose remained almost intact. In contrast, the cultivation of M. indicus and R. oryzae in the four-liter airlift bioreactor resulted in the consumption of almost all sugars and production of 250 and 280 g fungal biomass per kg of consumed sugar, respectively. These biomasses correspondingly contained 40% and 51% protein and 9.8% and 4.4% oil. Furthermore, the fungal cell walls, obtained after removing the alkali soluble fraction of the fungi, contained 0.61 and 0.69 g chitin and chitosan per g of cell wall for M. indicus and R. oryzae, respectively. Moreover, the maximum ethanol yield of 36% and 18% was obtained from M. indicus and R. oryzae, respectively. Furthermore, that M. indicus grew as clump mycelia in the airlift bioreactor, while R. oryzae formed spherical suspended pellets, is a promising feature towards industrialization of the process.     

骨料对工业废渣陶粒混凝土性能的影响

研究了不同等级陶粒骨料及砂率对陶粒混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:采用800级,600级陶粒为骨料制备工业废渣陶粒混凝土,随骨料用量增加,容重降低有限,但会导致强度和比强度大幅度降低。采用较高等级骨料制备轻混凝土时,通过增加骨料用量降低容重不可取。以400级陶粒为骨料,随骨料用量增加容重有明显降低趋势,但强度变化不大。与骨料等级和用量相比,砂率对不同等级废渣陶粒混凝土的强度和容重的影响要小得多。骨料用量及砂率对废渣陶粒混凝土的软化系数影响不明显,但骨料等级的影响显著,骨料越轻、陶粒混凝土容重越小,软化系数越大。     

Characterization and catalytic gasification of the aqueous by-product from vacuum pyrolysis of biomass

Spruce wood residues were treated in a vacuum pyrolysis Process Development Unit with a throughput capacity of 28 kg/h. Two aqueous phase condensate samples with COD concentration varying between 190 and 255 g/L were produced and sequentially extracted with dichloromethane and ethylacetate solvents. The soluble organic matter was composed of acidic, phenolic, alcoholic and ketonic compounds. The insoluble fraction was sequentially distilled at 100 and 110°C under atmospheric pressure. Mainly water was recovered in the first distillate, while the second distillate contained 30.4% formic and acetic acids, 69.4% water and 0.2% residual organic compounds. The distillation residue was rich in oxygen and was essentially insoluble in any organic solvent. The two aqueous phase pyroligneous samples were treated in Bat-telle's Thermochemical Environmental Energy System (TEESr?), a registered service mark of Onsite*Ofsite, Inc. of Duarte, California, U.S.A. The results of the tests showed that similar results were obtained with either feedstock. In batch tests a COD reduction of 99% was achieved. The product gas composition was typically about 49% methane, 5% hydrogen, 1 % ethane and 45% carbon dioxide. Tests in a continuous stirred-tank reactor produced reproducible data which can be used for process scale-up. Catalyst lifetime was identified as needing further improvement. The preliminary results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the catalytic gasification process as a useful step in the recovery of energy from the secondary condensate stream and the cleanup of the by-product water from vacuum pyrolysis of wood.     

涤纶废产物用于制备聚氨酯泡沫塑料

将涤纶废产物用二甘醇和三元醇经酯基转移合成齐聚酯多元醇，并用其制备聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料。该泡沫塑料具有良好的力学性能，且随着齐聚酯多元醇平均官能度的影响，力学性能随之提高；由于齐聚酯多元醇中芳香族基团含量高，泡沫塑料的铖一明显高于普通聚氨酯泡沫塑料。