Effect of particle size on biogas yield from sisal fibre waste

The degradation and biogas production potential of sisal fibre waste could be significantly increased by pre-treatment for reduction of particle size. Batch-wise anaerobic digestion of sisal fibre waste was carried out in 1-l digesters with fibre sizes ranging from 2 to 100 mm, at an ambient temperature of 33 °C. Sediment from a stabilisation pond at a sisal production plant was used as starter seed. Total fibre degradation increased from 31% to 70% for the 2 mm fibres, compared to untreated sisal fibres. Furthermore, the results confirmed that methane yield was inversely proportional to particle size. Methane yield increased by 23% when the fibres were cut to 2 mm size and was 0.22 m³ CH₄/kg volatile solids, compared to 0.18 m³ CH₄/kg volatile solids for untreated fibres. By anaerobic digestion and biogas production, the 148,000 tonne of waste sisal fibres generated annually in Tanzania could yield 22 million m³ of methane, and an additional 5 million m³ of methane if pre-treatment by size reduction to 2 mm was applied.     

废液和废水中分离回收钯研究进展

贵金属钯在工业生产中应用广泛,然而资源稀缺,价格昂贵,从二次资源中回收钯变得尤为重要。而冶金、电镀、PCB制造和核工业等工业活动中产生的含钯废液和废水是钯的一种占比较大的二次资源。不同来源的含钯废液和废水在钯含量、成分组成和其他特性等方面差异较大。基于40多篇国内外相关文献的分析,总结了从废液和废水中分离回收钯的已有技术,包括沉淀/置换法、萃取法、吸附法和生物法,对各种方法的原理、应用以及优缺点进行了简要介绍。对各种方法的近期研究进展进行了对比,未来研究方向进行展望,为废液和废水中钯的分离回收提供参考。     

废旧锌锰电池回收利用研究进展

围绕废旧锌锰电池的回收利用研究,综述了近几年来回收再利用方面的进展,包括:废旧电池的分解技术、废旧电池的再利用途径等,并就废旧电池的回收再利用的发展前景作了讨论.     

碱的类型对剩余污泥碱性发酵及脱水性能的影响

在温度35℃、pH=10条件下,对比研究了14d内剩余污泥在KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)2和Na2CO3这4种碱性条件下的水解产酸性能、脱水性能、氨氮和正磷酸释放情况以及污泥减量情况。结果表明:剩余污泥在4种碱性条件下表现出不同的水解产酸能力、脱水性能、以及污泥减量情况。污泥水解能力排序为Na2CO3>NaOH≈KOH>Ca(OH)2;产酸能力排序为NaOH>KOH≈Na2CO3>Ca(OH)2;脱水性能排序为Ca(OH)2>Na2CO3>NaOH≈KOH,氨氮和正磷酸盐释放量排序均为为Na2CO3>NaOH≈KOH>Ca(OH)2。剩余污泥在Na2CO3条件下挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)去除率最高;但在NaOH条件下总悬浮固体(TSS)去除率最高。     

厌氧反应器处理造纸废水工程实践

介绍了内循环(IC)厌氧反应塔和外循环(EC)厌氧反应塔应用于废纸抄造高强瓦楞原纸废水处理的工程实践及生产运行情况。生产运行数据表明,EC厌氧反应塔的处理效果优于IC厌氧反应塔,Ca~(2+)浓度对IC厌氧反应塔运行效果有较大的影响,而对EC厌氧反应塔影响较小;IC厌氧反应塔和EC厌氧反应塔可有效降解废纸造纸废水中的污染物,废水CODCr去除率可分别达到61.2%~77.4%和72.3%~87.9%,沼气产率为0.43 m~3/kg CODCr和0.45 m~3/kg CODCr;废纸造纸废水经初沉池、预酸化池、IC厌氧反应塔/EC厌氧反应塔、好氧曝气池、絮凝沉淀池、斜管沉淀池和高效纤维滤池工艺处理后达到国家《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB3544—2008)的一级标准,部分废水可回用到生产中去。     

ITER tritiated waste management by the Host state and first lessons learned for fusion development

This paper summarises the present status of the ITER tritiated waste management strategy under development in France. This paper describes the specific challenges posed by this radioactive waste containing tritium as well as the solutions planned for the various waste categories and the implementation expected for the ITER tritiated waste, including the features of the future interim storage facility called INTERMED. Several options to reduce temporary storage duration as well as to minimise out-gassing rates and tritium discharges into the environment are under study, the related issues and the preliminary results obtained are shown. The first lessons learned for fusion development and their extrapolation to future reactors are outlined based on four parameters: materials, operating temperature, fuel cycle efficiency and tritium removal technologies.     

生物质与煤混烧特性的数值模拟研究

针对生物质与煤混烧影响锅炉经济燃烧特性现象,笔者采用处理软件Gambit建立锅炉流场空间网格物理模型,利用Fluent模拟混烧过程并对其数学模型进行求解,模拟混烧过程,并根据长春某电厂生物质混烧参数,计算分析了不同混烧比时的锅炉炉内流场与温度场变化,得出了不同混烧比例下炉内燃烧流场、温度的变化规律.计算结果表明,随着生物质与煤混烧比例的提高,炉内流场动力特性无明显变化,但炉内燃烧温度下降比较明显.     

Performance analysis of an industrial waste heat‐based trigeneration system

The thermodynamic performance of an industrial waste heat recovery‐based trigeneration system is studied through energy and exergy efficiency parameters. The effects of exhaust gas inlet temperature, process heat pressure, and ambient temperature on both energy and exergy efficiencies, and electrical to thermal energy ratio of the system are investigated. The energy efficiency increases while electrical to thermal energy ratio and exergy efficiency decrease with increasing exhaust gas inlet temperature. On the other hand, with the increase in process heat pressure, energy efficiency decreases but exergy efficiency and electrical to thermal energy ratio increase. The effect of ambient temperature is also observed due to the fact that with an increase in ambient temperature, energy and exergy efficiencies, and electrical to thermal energy ratio decrease slightly. These results clearly show that performance evaluation of trigeneration system based on energy analysis is not adequate and hence more meaningful evaluation must include exergy analysis. The present analysis contributes to further information on the role of exhaust gas inlet temperature, process heat pressure, ambient temperature influence on the performance of waste heat recovery‐based trigeneration from a thermodynamic point of view. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

极低放废物的填埋处置

极低放废物所含放射性水平很低,可以采用简易和经济的填埋方法处置。本文概述了区分极低放废物的意义,极低放废物的定义和限值,介绍了国外极低放废物的处置方法,并对我国的极低放废物处置提出了建议意见。     

An environmental purpose artificial island off Belgium

Processing municipal and industrial wastes on land and particularly near inhabited centra has met with increased opposition. An apparent remedy to the problem is the establishment of such facilities offshore, hence various projects to build them on artificial islands. The paper examines a concrete proposal to locate such an island offshore from the Belgian Coast. Oceanographic and environmental aspects of the site are discussed, construction methods reviewed, erosion and corrosion effects looked at. The possibility of utilizing ocean power to provide the necessary operation energy is likewise considered.