10 MW生物质气化耦合超临界燃煤锅炉系统火用平衡分析

为有效评价生物质气化耦合燃煤锅炉系统能量转换过程,分析该系统的节能潜力,以某10 MW循环流化床生物质气化炉耦合大型超临界燃煤机组为例,建立了该耦合系统的火用分析控制体模型,利用Aspen plus平台对该系统实际运行过程进行火用平衡分析。结果表明：当前运行工况下,生物质气化过程火用损失是耦合系统最大的火用损失,达到42.28%,其次是可燃气体在燃煤锅炉内的燃烧及传热过程,为25.32%。因此系统运行过程中应采取优化运行措施,减小气化过程火用损失,同时气化炉应尽量与高参数的大型机组耦合运行,可燃气体选取在燃煤锅炉合适位置输入,以保证充分燃烧。     

上海市生活垃圾处理问题的系统动力学分析

与日俱增的人口产生了越来越多的生活垃圾.面对垃圾围城的严峻形势,城市生活垃圾处理变得越来越迫切.为了预测上海市未来的垃圾产生量,探讨合适的处置方法和调控措施,利用系统动力学的方法建立了上海市城市生活垃圾产生和处理系统的动力学模型.通过查阅大量文献并收集数据,预测未来生活垃圾的产生总量和处理总量,对各种处理方式的收益进行了对比,并利用系统动力学模型模拟软件VENSIM进行了模拟.结果表明:在调控措施下,未来上海市垃圾产生量能得到控制和更加环保的处理;同时,需要控制人口,提高环保投资占GDP比重,实行垃圾收费制度.     

亚临界水中废旧聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的水解

从聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的化学结构着手,结合亚临界水的特殊性质,采用水热法使PET在中性条件下水解为对苯二甲酸(TPA)和乙二醇(EG)。通过考察投料比、反应时间和反应温度对PET降解率及TPA产率的影响,确定了最佳水解条件为:投料比(去离子水与涤纶布料质量比)10,温度250℃,反应时间7 h。在最佳条件下,PET的降解率可以达到92.9%,TPA的产率为86.4%,TPA纯度为98.251%,TPA的酸度为657.14 mg KOH/g。且研究发现醋酸锌可以加速PET的水解,并对PET在亚临界水条件下的水解机理进行了初步探索。     

聚丙烯纤维及废弃陶瓷对低品级菱镁矿制氯氧镁水泥性能的影响

本文以聚丙烯纤维、普通废弃陶瓷、工业氯化镁以及含39.12％活性氧化镁的低品级轻烧氧化镁制成了一种镁水泥基建筑墙体材料.采用正交试验确定了最佳配合比,并对聚丙烯纤维、废弃陶瓷复合增强剂对镁水泥干缩性能的影响进行了探讨.研究结果表明,纤维及陶瓷对镁水泥分别起到了增韧增强及骨架作用.其制品28 d干缩率仅为0.03％.     

利用有机溶剂提取微藻油脂的方法探究

在传统化石能源日益枯竭的趋势下,微藻生物柴油作为第三代绿色可再生的替代型能源越来越受到人们的重视.在微藻生物柴油的产业链上,油脂的提取是影响其推广应用的一个关键环节.本文实验利用有机溶剂提取微藻油脂,探究在不同的条件下微藻油脂的提取效果,并特别研究了先后使用甲醇和石油醚两种有机溶剂对微藻油脂提取率的影响.研究结果表明:温度、液料比、浸提时间对提取效率都有一定的影响,并且使用甲醇和石油醚两种溶剂分步提取时会使微藻油脂提取率明显提高;在液料比为15mL/g、提取温度为45℃、提取时间为5h时,使用石油醚作为提取剂的提取率为58.71%;使用甲醇溶剂提取后再使用石油醚提取时,在液料比和提取时间相同的条件下,温度为35℃时提取率即可达87.90%     

煤矸石盐酸浸溶出铝铁的动力学研究（英文）

The extraction of aluminum from coal mining waste (CMW) is an important industrial process. The two major problems in applications are low aluminum dissolution efficiency and high iron content in the raw material, which affect the quantity and quality of products. To improve the aluminum recovery process, the leaching kinet-ics of CMW with hydrochloric acid was studied. A shrinking core model was used to investigate aluminum and iron dissolution kinetics. Based on the kinetic characteristics, a process for recovering aluminum was proposed and tested experimental y. It is found that the aluminum leaching reaction is controlled by surface reaction at low temperatures (40–80 °C) and by diffusion process at higher temperatures (90–106 °C). The iron dissolution process is dominated by surface reaction at 40–100 °C. The results show that iron could be dissolved or separated by concentrated hydrochloric acid. Fine grinding wil improve aluminum dissolution significantly.     

REACTION KINETICS PARAMETERS DESCRIBING DISPLACEMENT BY ACIDS OF STRUCTURAL METALLIC IONS FROM CLAY MINERALS

Chemical kinetics parameters describing reactions of naturally-occurring clay minerals with acids were determined using batch reaction and analytical techniques. Clay minerals included sodium montmo-rillonite, kaolinite, and illite, reacting with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. Two acid concentrations were examined at 50 and 70^°C. Displacement by acids of aluminum and magnesium from clays was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. Data analysis verified the batch reaction technique for determining kinetics parameters of acid-clay reactions and demonstrated acid neutralization by naturally-occurring clays. For reactions of sodium montmorillonite with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, reaction rate coefficients for displacement of aluminum ranged from 1·73 × 10^-4 kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 3·02 × 10^-3 kg/mol-hr at 70^°C. Displacement of magnesium from sodium montmorillonite by these acids occurred at rates ranging from 3·68 × 10^-4 kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 1·12 × 10^-2 kg/mol-hr at 70^°C. Activation energies for displacement by acids of aluminum from sodium montmorillonite were calculated to range from 31,000J/mol to 112,000J/mol, while activalion energies for displacement of magnesium from sodium montmorillonite ranged from 36.000 J/mol to 103,000 J/mol. For reactions of illite with acids, reaction rate coefficients for displacement of aluminum were determined to be 1·45×10^-4Kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 1·7×10^-3kg/mol-hr at 70^°C. Displacement of magneisum by acids from illite occurred at rates from 6·06 × 10^-4 kg/mol-hr at 50^°C to 5·97 × 10^-3 kg/mol-hr. Activation energies for reactions of acids with illite ranged from 33,000 J/mol to 62,000 J/mol for displacement of aluminum and from 9,400 J/mol to 29,000 J/mol for displacement of magnesium.     

生物质能源开发与应用现状和前景

简要分析了生物质能资源及其特点,回顾了国内外生物质能及其转换技术的发展与应用现状,分析了我国生物质能开发中存在的问题与障碍,描绘了生物质能利用的中远期前景.     

高效聚磷菌的筛选及其应用

从深圳市布吉河底泥中筛选出一株高效聚磷菌,该菌株最适宜的生长条件为：温度为25-35℃、pH为6.5-8.0,经对菌株作生理生化性质鉴定属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。聚磷效果试验表明：在低磷浓度的富集培养基中（〈10 mg/L）该菌具有较强的聚磷效果,48 h的聚磷效果为81.5%,而当磷浓度高达20 mg/L时,聚磷效果仅50%左右。该菌株应用于受污染河水处理工程的强化除磷表明,除磷系统启动运行18 d后,总磷的去除率达到80%以上;28 d后,除磷系统日趋稳定,磷去除率达到90%,出水总磷含量稳定在0.5 mg/L以下,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级A标准。     

ICP-AES法快速测定铜冶炼废酸中铼、钼、硒含量的研究

采用硝酸处理试样,建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定铜冶炼废酸中铼、钼、硒含量的分析方法。通过实验选择各元素最佳分析谱线,并对基体干扰进行探讨。在选定的实验条件下,方法的检出限为0.6～7.0ng/mL,加标回收率为95.24%~104.83%。该方法应用于三种废酸中三种元素的分析,相对标准偏差为0.26%~4.67%。