α-Alumina and spinel react into single-phase high-alumina spinel in <3 seconds during flash sintering

In situ X-ray diffraction measurements at the Advanced Photon Source show that α-Al₂O₃ and MgAl₂O₄ react nearly instantaneously and completely, and nearly completely to form single-phase high-alumina spinel during voltage-to-current type of flash sintering experiments. The initial sample was constituted from powders of α-Al₂O₃, MgAl₂O₄ spinel, and cubic 8 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (8YSZ) mixed in equal volume fractions, the spinel to alumina molar ratio being 1:1.5. Specimen temperature was measured by thermal expansion of the platinum standard. These measurements correlated well with a black-body radiation model, using appropriate values for the emissivity of the constituents. Temperatures of 1600-1736°C were reached during the flash, which promoted the formation of alumina-rich spinel. In a second set of experiments, the flash was induced in a current-rate method where the current flowing through the specimen is controlled and increased at a constant rate. In these experiments, we observed the formation of two different compositions of spinel, MgO•3Al₂O₃ and MgO•1.5Al₂O₃, which evolved into a single composition of MgO•2.5Al₂O₃ as the current continued to increase. In summary, flash sintering is an expedient way to create single-phase, alumina-rich spinel.     

Dual-rate-loop control based on disturbance observer of angular acceleration for a three-axis aerial inertially stabilized platform

This paper presents a dual-rate-loop control method based on disturbance observer (DOB) of angular acceleration for a three-axis ISP for aerial remote sensing applications, by which the control accuracy and stabilization of ISP are improved obviously. In stabilization loop of ISP, a dual-rate-loop strategy is designed through constituting inner rate loop and the outer rate loop, by which the capability of disturbance rejection is advanced. Further, a DOB-based on angular acceleration is proposed to attenuate the influences of the main disturbances on stabilization accuracy. Particularly, an information fusion method is suggested to obtain accurate angular acceleration in DOB design, which is the key for the disturbance compensation. The proposed methods are theoretically analyzed and experimentally validated to illustrate the effectiveness.     

公路工程沥青混合料面层施工技术探讨

近年来，随着我国经济的发展，公路工程也得到了快速发展。公路工程的发展与其施工技术是息息相关的。本文主要就公路工程沥青混合料面层施工技术进行了分析研究。     

On the fabrication of functional graded 3Y-PSZ/316L materials by SPS: Process optimization and characterization of the obtained products

Dense and crack free six-layered functional graded materials were successfully produced by Spark Plasma Sintering by combining 3 mol% Y₂O₃-partially stabilized ZrO₂ (3Y-PSZ) and 316L stainless steel. All the sintered products consisted of a steel free layer on one side and a cermet composite containing 50 vol% of both constituents on the opposite side. Conversely, the stainless steel concentration in the interlayers was progressively changed following diverse spatial profiles.It was found that the temperature interval from 1080 to 1180 °C required for the full consolidation from the 50 vol% composite layer to the 3Y-PSZ one, respectively, can be reached when adopting a specific die configuration where the cross section was varied from 30 to 28 mm, respectively. Correspondingly, the densification level of each layer, as well as the related hardness and fracture toughness properties, were highly enhanced with respect to the standard cylindrical die. In addition, a significant improvement of the material toughness was obtained when the material concentration exponent was decreased from 2 to 1, whereas this effect tends to vanish when such parameter was further reduced to 0.5.     

高速公路路基基层施工技术

随着国民经济的发展,高速公路得到了大力发展,水泥稳定碎石基层和贫砼基层成为了高速公路路基基层中常见的形式。本文主要结合工程实际,对某高速公路合同段内的路基基层采用的水泥稳定碎石基层和贫砼基层的施工工艺与施工方法做了简要分析。     

Effect of NiO-to-Ni Transformation on Conductivity and Structure of Yttria-Stabilized ZrO2

The conductivity and structure of 8-mol%-yttria-stabilized zirconia with additions of nickel oxide has been investigated, both in the as-prepared state and after reduction of NiO in hydrogen. During reduction at 1000°C, the conductivity decreases by 40%–50% and most of the NiO dissolved in the zirconia is exsolved in the form of nickel particles. This is accompanied by the formation of tetragonal zirconia precipitates of size 10–40 nm and by an increase in the lattice parameter. On reoxidation in air at 1000°C, the change in lattice parameter is partly reversed, but the conductivity shows no further changes.     

机载光测设备过顶跟踪方法

在分析了地平式跟踪架、双轴式跟踪架优缺点基础上,本文论述了一种基于机载光测设备的过顶跟踪技术,它结合了地平式跟踪架、双轴式跟踪架的优点,能够对过顶盲区的目标进行有效的跟踪。外场试验表明,该跟踪方法简单,跟踪精度3′,满足技术指标要求。     

基于简化干扰观测器的光电平台稳定与评估

单纯采用经典的比例积分（proportion integration,PI）校正难以进一步提高航空光电平台惯性稳定性能。本文分析了影响稳定精度的主要因素,设计了基于简化干扰观测器（disturbance observer,DOB）的航空光电平台稳定控制算法。该方法由DOB和PI控制器构成,其中DOB 采用陀螺反馈,利用等效变换实现,无需求取被控系统的逆模型。此外,本文提出一种基于隔离度测试的航空光电平台稳定性能评价方法。在实际系统中进行了惯性稳定实验,采用所提出的稳定控制方法获得了10 μrad（RMS）的稳定精度,并且采用新方法的隔离度测试结果在30 Hz频带内的姿态扰动下较传统PI控制均有显著的提高。     

双馈风电机组PWM整流器控制方法的研究

基于双馈风力发电机组在运行的过程中,随工况的变化,功率变换器应具有能量双向流动、交-直-交变换效率高、直流环节电压稳定等要求出发,以三相PWM电压型(VSR)整流器为基础,分析了PWM整流器的基本原理,并建立了在三相静止坐标系下的变换器数学模型,应用电压矢量定向控制技术,并采用电压电流双闭环控制模式以及SVPWM调制方法构建了功率变换器系统,通过Sim Power Systems和Simulink仿真实验,确认了所采用的控制方法可行,对直流环节电压有较好的稳定作用,可实现机网侧能量双向变换控制以及具有单位功率因数等特点。     

A stabilized finite element formulation for monolithic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical simulations at finite strain

An adaptively stabilized monolithic finite element model is proposed to simulate the fully coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of porous media undergoing large deformation. We first formulate a finite‐deformation thermo‐hydro‐mechanics field theory for non‐isothermal porous media. Projection‐based stabilization procedure is derived to eliminate spurious pore pressure and temperature modes due to the lack of the two‐fold inf‐sup condition of the equal‐order finite element. To avoid volumetric locking due to the incompressibility of solid skeleton, we introduce a modified assumed deformation gradient in the formulation for non‐isothermal porous solids. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the versatility and efficiency of this thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.