某型船尾部异常噪声研究

试航中发现某型油船主机在450～600r/min时,在螺旋桨的正上方能明显听到异常噪声.通过定性分析排除了螺旋桨上有缠绕物、轴系的配合问题,定量分析排除了螺旋桨出现"谐鸣"的可能性,实船测试分析结果表明产生噪声的原因是由于螺旋桨出现了梢涡空泡现象.研究为船舶的同类现象提供参考.     

Effects of short cracks produced at blunted pre-crack tip on stress and strain distributions

The present work investigates problems: (1) How are the plastic strain and the stress (triaxiality) re-distributed after a short crack initiated, extended and blunted at the pre-crack tip? (2) How do the above changes put a crucial effect on the triggering of the cleavage fracture? Based on the previous observations of configuration changes and fracture surfaces of pre-crack tips, Finite element method (FEM) simulations of a short crack initiated, extended and blunted at a pre-crack tip and calculations of distributions of stress, strain and triaxiality are carried out for 3PB pre-cracked HSLA steel specimens tested at -130^°C. The results reveal that: as long as the fatigue pre-crack is only blunted, in its vicinity a region where the accumulated strain is sufficient to nucleate a crack, and a region where the stress (triaxiality) is sufficient to propagate a crack nucleus are separated by a distance. The nucleated crack cannot be propagated and the cleavage fracture cannot be triggered. While a short crack produced at the fully blunted fatigue pre-crack, the strain retains, the stress (triaxiality) is rebuilt. An initiated and significantly extended and then blunted short crack makes a tip configuration, which on one hand is much sharper than that of the fully blunted original pre-crack tip, on other hand is wide enough to spread its effects into the high stress covered region. This sharpened crack tip configuration re-builds a ‘sharper’ distribution of stress (triaxiality) and makes two regions metioned above closer. Finally the two regions overlap each other and a cleavage crack can be initiated and propagated at a distance ahead of the blunted fatigue pre-crack.     

叶片制造中的几何理论研究及应用

针对叶片制造存在的问题，对非数控曲面边界制造问题、直纹面和非直纹面叶片的制造问题进行理论分析及几何建模。通过分析被加工叶片的造型规律，应用微分几何、计算几何与数控技术相结合，得到了提高叶片制造质量的几何综合法途径和相应的几何理论。具体应用实例验证了几何模型的正确性，得到了解决此类制造问题更为理想的多种方法。     

Instability of the flow in the vicinity of trailing edge of a class of thin aerofoils

A numerical study has been undertaken to investigate the notion of absolute/convective instability in laminar incompressible trailing edge flows past wedge-like shapes with curved boundaries of the form y=α(−x)^m. The effects of various trailing edge shapes m and relative thickness α on the flow separation and the development of instabilities in the vicinity of trailing edge are investigated. The nonlinear viscous-inviscid interaction equations, which have been derived by means of the asymptotic theory of flow separation, are solved first numerically to construct genuine mean velocity profiles representing the correct flow in the vicinity of the trailing edge. The absolute/convective nature of the asymptotically formed velocity profiles via a composite expansion is then ascertained by using a spatio-temporal analysis based on the Briggs-Bers pinching criterion. Although no absolute growth is encountered upstream of the trailing edge of the airfoil shapes considered, in particular the wake region behind the trailing edge of Joukowski type profiles is found to be persistently susceptible to absolute instability. It is found that separation is enhanced as the relative thickness of the airfoil gets bigger. This, in turn, is shown to lead to an additional enhancement of the absolute instability character by both increasing the absolute growth rate as well as the extent of the unstable region. Shedding frequency of the Karman vortex street is also determined behind the trailing edge shapes considered.     

一种高效节能轴流风机的试验及计算(Ⅰ)─—稳定工况性能

试验利用两组轴流试验风机，一组为常规动叶的轴流风机，另一组为弯掠动叶的轴流风机，保持它们具有（除弦长外）相同的几何参数和相同的转速（弯掠动叶弦长增加量为20％左右）。实验结果表明：具有弯掠动叶的轴流风机不仅提高了效率（3％～4％左右），降低了气动噪声（2～4dB），而且还大幅度地扩大稳定工作范围（20％左右）。同时对上述两组轴流风机的气动和声学性能进行计算分析。所研究的这种高效节能的弯掠动叶轴流风机为进一步在电力系统中应用提供了理论和试验基础。     

可调轴流式锅炉引风机动叶片磨损失效分析

通过理化分析和磨损形貌观察，探讨了火焰喷焊动叶片的磨损机理。结果表明，动叶片的磨损主要是低角度冲蚀磨损，碳化钨等金属化合物的磨损机理是疲劳脆断，镍基奥氏体的磨损机理是微切削，提出了从喷焊材料和工艺方面提高耐磨性的措施。     

涡流式竖井溢洪道研究述评

近几年国内许多单位开展了溢洪道内消能工的研究，内容包括孔板消能工、空腔消能工、阶梯消能工、同轴反向内消能工、单向涡旋内消能工等．对涡流式竖井消能工的研究也比较集中，其所具有的良好的水力特性和消能效果受到工程界的重视．传统的泄流方式在高水头、大流量、高流速运行条件下，会受到空化空蚀及流动失稳等问题的困扰，修建涡流式竖井泄洪洞是解决上述难点的有效方法之一．由于它的综合消能率在５０％以上，能有效地降低洞内流速，因而选用涡流式竖井溢洪道不失为将导流洞改建成泄洪洞或单独修建泄洪洞的较佳选择．     

水轮机叶片计算机辅助测量系统

本介绍了水轮机叶片计算机辅助测量系统开发研究的内容和方法，系统的基本原理和功能，以及系统在生产实践中的应用情况。     

旋流燃烧器的冷态试验研究

通过轴向可动叶轮旋流燃烧器改造方案的冷态模拟试验，给出了冷态空气动力场的测量结果．对测量结果进行了有益的讨论，得到的结论对旋流燃烧器的改造提供了基本依据     

平面旋涡(中心型奇点)水力特性的探讨

本文讨论了平面旋涡(中心型奇点)的水力特性.说明了这种旋涡的中心被封闭的流线所包围，中心点的流速为零，封闭流线为椭圆曲线；给出了旋涡内流速与压强，旋涡的环量、涡量以及角动量的表达式；建立了旋涡水力参数和主流水力参数的连接条件，包括两个运动连接条件和两个动力连接条件；将得到的理论结果应用于侧墙突扩或跌坎流，得到的旋涡中心压强表明，在一般明渠条件下，主流流速大于20m/s时旋涡区有可能出现空蚀；应用于水跃时发现，跃长与跃高之比和突扩流旋涡的长宽比基本相同，估计了水跃旋滚区的紊流运动粘滞系数；应用于交岔渠道的旋涡时，指出了旋涡宽度与渠宽之比必须小于0.160，给出了一个数例