The effects of oxygenation aeration treatment on dissipation behaviors of tricaine mesylate in carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle and water

Tricaine mesylate (MS-222) is one of the most used anesthetics in fish. It can be absorbed by the human body via food consumption, with related detriments to human health. In this study, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of MS-222 in carp muscle and water samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For cleanup procedure, multiplug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) method with n-Hexane delipidation was adopted. The extraction solvent, cleanup methods and sorbents were optimized. All method validation parameters were in the acceptable range. The dissipation behavior study was followed by the method development. Firstly, the anesthesia dose and time were optimized in application study. Secondly, carps were revived for different period of time with (experimental group) and without (control group) the oxygenation aeration treatment to compare the dissipation rate of MS-222. After being anesthetized for 6 h at 50 mg/L and 12 h of elimination, the concentrations of MS-222 in crap muscle and water of experimental group was lower than those of control group. After 36 h of elimination under oxygenation aeration, over 90% of MS-222 was dissipated in carp muscle. The results showed that the half-life of MS-222 in carp muscle was 6.2 h. The findings suggested that the commonly-used oxygenation aeration treatment in aquaculture production had potential effects in accelerating the dissipation of MS-222 in carp and water. In this study, three days of withdrawal period was recommended in carps after MS-222 administration under oxygenation aeration.     

射流曝气技术在FCC烟气脱硫废水处理中的应用

目前流化催化裂化(FCC)装置烟气脱硫净化基本采用钠碱湿法洗涤技术,该工艺不可避免地产生大量高化学需氧量(COD)脱硫废水。介绍了射流曝气技术在FCC烟气脱硫废水氧化中的应用,并阐述了射流曝气技术的性能特点。结合工程应用情况,分析了供气方式、工作压力、浆液池水深和布置方式等影响因素。工程应用结果显示:脱硫废水经射流曝气氧化后,COD不大于30 mg/L,COD平均去除率可达95%,远低于国家现行排放标准要求。     

不同堆肥方式对氮素转化规律的影响

研究了甘蔗叶与牛粪混合物不同堆肥方式对氮素转化规律的影响。将甘蔗叶与新鲜的牛粪以1∶3的质量比充分混合,在同样的外界条件下,采用密闭容器强制通风法和翻堆法两种好氧发酵法进行堆肥。结果表明,翻堆堆肥相比于通风堆肥:温度高2.1~5.2℃,有机质降解率高28.25%,最终含水率高8.08%,最终pH值高0.12。这些因素的不同导致通风堆肥的硝态氮高出翻堆堆肥23~165mg·kg-1;氨氮含量前13d通风堆肥高出翻堆堆肥48~1 017mg·kg-1,后期翻堆堆肥高出1~42mg·kg-1;亚硝态氮含量前9d翻堆堆肥高出通风堆肥285~425mg·kg-1,后期通风堆肥高出41~118mg·kg-1。表明,两种不同堆肥方式中氮素的转化规律不同,翻堆堆肥更有利于促进氮素转化。     

易被忽视的城市污水处理设施曝气沉砂池

介绍了曝气沉砂池的类型、作用、设计参数,结合曝气沉砂池的工作原理,对沉砂池的构造、曝气设备的选择、沉砂池的设计参数等进行了研究,并总结了采用曝气沉砂池的注意事项,以促使城市污水处理工艺的出水效果达到最佳。     

Assessment of nitrification in groundwater filters for drinking water production by qPCR and activity measurement

In groundwater treatment for drinking water production, the causes of nitrification problems and the effectiveness of process optimization in rapid sand filters are often not clear. To assess both issues, the performance of a full-scale groundwater filter with nitrification problems and another filter with complete nitrification and pretreatment by subsurface aeration was monitored over nine months. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the amoA gene of bacteria and archaea and activity measurements of ammonia oxidation were used to regularly evaluate water and filter sand samples. Results demonstrated that subsurface aeration stimulated the growth of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes (AOP) in the aquifer. Cell balances, using qPCR counts of AOP for each filter, showed that the inoculated AOP numbers from the aquifer were marginal compared with AOP numbers detected in the filter. Excessive washout of AOP was not observed and did not cause the nitrification problems. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea grew in both filters, but only in low numbers compared to bacteria. The cell-specific nitrification rate in the sand and backwash water samples was high for the subsurface aerated filter, but systematically much lower for the filter with nitrification problems. From this, we conclude that incomplete nitrification was caused by nutrient limitation.     

疏水性中空纤维微孔膜无泡曝气试验研究

利用疏水性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜及组件开展膜无泡曝气研究.通过检测膜组件的泡点,发现一定浸没深度下静水中膜组件的泡点高于紊流状态下的,且泡点随水流速度的增大而减小.考察水力条件和曝气压力对曝气效果的影响,并与常规曝气头曝气作比较.结果表明:将气压控制在泡点以内时,充氧能力随液体循环流量的增大、气压的升高而增强;而当气压超过泡点时,供氧初期充氧能力显著,但随曝气时间的延长增幅降低.中空纤维膜的曝气性能优于曝气头的.     

甲醇生产反应后废水的科学分级回收利用

甲醇装置采用甲烷蒸汽转化法获得合成甲醇需要的CO、CO2、H2等有效气体组分.反应后的高温转化气经换热冷凝后产生的工艺冷凝液量约为20～25 t/h.由于该水源pH值低,存在弱酸性腐蚀环境导致铁含量超标等因素长期得不到有效利用,常年作为污水处理.本文围绕该水源的科学利用开展了多种技术方案的研究,最终通过采用曝气工艺等措施实现了该优质水源的科学分级利用.为炼化企业在节能节水领域提供了可行性方案,具有较强的技术参考和指导意义.     

百色水利枢纽溢流坝掺气减蚀研究

百色水利枢纽工程RCC主坝高130m，最大水头差102m，溢流坝最大单宽流量约166m^3／S，流速超过40m／s，采用宽尾墩加消力池联合消能，由于水头高，流速大，堰面气蚀问题突出，水流掺气是减灭气蚀的有效方法，通过分析其它工程掺气减蚀的经验，就百色水利枢纽大比例尺模型试验来研究百色掺气水流的特性，掺气减蚀效果的评估以及掺气坎的最佳布置。     

In‐line mixing for production of citric acid by Candida lipolytica grown on n‐paraffins

This study reports on the effects of internal fermenter and external in‐line agitation and fed‐batch mode of operation on citric acid production from Candida lipolytica using n‐paraffin as the carbon source. An optimum range of fermenter agitation speeds in the range 800–1000 rpm corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 50433–62947 (based on initial batch conditions) seemed to give the best balance between substrate utilization for biomass growth and citric acid production. Proof of concept evidence is presented that indicates that an external in‐line agitator could be used in place of high speed internal agitation to increase citric acid production. However, more work is required to optimize the external agitator concept. Application of multiple fed‐batch feedings can be used to extend the batch fermentation and increase final citric acid concentrations and product yield. Experiments were conducted implementing a three‐cycle fed‐batch process which increased overall citric acid yields to 0.8–1.0 g citric acid g^?1 n‐paraffin, approximately 200% improvement from those found in the normal batch process. The three‐cycle fed‐batch mode of operation also increased the final citric acid concentration to 42 g dm^?3 from about 6 g dm^?3 for normal batch operation. Increased citric acid concentrations in three‐cycle fed‐batch mode was achieved at longer fermentation times. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

纯氧曝气系统在高浓度有机石化污水处理中的应用

阐述了纯氧曝气系统在高浓度有机石油化工污水处理中的原理，优越性及其应用。