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101.
本文针对安钢高炉冷却壁破损的形式、原因进行研究分析,探讨了冷却壁的结构、材质、加工与安装工艺对其寿命的影响。介绍了安钢高炉炉役后期冷却壁的维护生产实践。 相似文献
102.
Nanosized lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder with Zr:Ti ratio in the morphotropic phase boundary region was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation of metal ions. The powder precipitated at 90°C and at pH 6.7 resulted single-phase perovskite lead zirconate titanate powder when calcined at 550°C and above for 4 hours in air. The solution pH and the precipitation temperature strongly affect the composition of the calcined powder. The results obtained by structural characterization of homogeneously precipitated powder were compared with that obtained from the conventional precipitation method using ammonia in terms of crystallization, homogeneity, and microstructure. The homogeneously precipitated powder showed smaller particle size, minimum agglomeration and uniform shape on calcination and annealing. Powdered samples that precipitated by homogeneous precipitation crystallized directly to perovskite PZT, without any intermediate pyrochlore phase formation. In contrast, the NH3 precipitated powder converted to perovskite PZT via metastable pyrochlore and it showed phase segregation upon annealing at higher temperatures. The reaction kinetics has been studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. 相似文献
103.
D. L. Cotrell A. J. Kearsley 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2007,112(3):153-161
In this work, optimal shaft shapes for flow in the annular space between a rotating shaft with axially-periodic radius and a fixed coaxial outer circular cylinder, are investigated. Axisymmetric steady flows in this geometry are determined by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in the actual domain. A measure of the flow field, a weighted convex combination of the volume averaged square of the L2-norm of the velocity and vorticity vectors, is employed. It has been demonstrated that boundary shape can be used to influence the characteristics of the flow field, such as its velocity component distribution, kinetic energy, or even vorticity. This ability to influence flow fields through boundary shape may be employed to improve microfluidic mixing or, possibly, to minimize shear in biological applications. 相似文献
104.
Herbert S. Bennett 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2007,112(4):209-221
In this paper, we present the theory for calculating Raman line shapes as functions of the Fermi energy and finite temperatures in zinc blende, n-type GaAs for donor densities between 1016 cm−3 and 1019 cm−3. Compared to other theories, this theory is unique in two respects: 1) the many-body effects are treated self-consistently and 2) the theory is valid at room temperature for arbitrary values of the ratio R = (Q2/α), where Q is the magnitude of the normalized wave vector and α is the normalized frequency used in the Raman measurements. These calculations solve the charge neutrality equation self-consistently for a two-band model of GaAs at 300 K that includes the effects of high carrier concentrations and dopant densities on the perturbed densities of states used to calculate the Fermi energy as a function of temperature. The results are then applied to obtain the carrier concentrations from Fermi energies in the context of line shapes in Raman spectra due to the coupling between longitudinal optical phonons and plasmons. Raman measurements have been proposed as a non-destructive method for wafer acceptance tests of carrier density in semiconductor epilayers. The interpretation of Raman spectra to determine the majority electron density in n-type semiconductors requires an interdisciplinary effort involving experiments, theory, and computer-based simulations and visualizations of the theoretical calculations. 相似文献
105.
This paper presents a new concept for symmetric boundary element method (SBEM) applicable to 2-D steady-state and transit potential problems. Two kinds of SBEM formulations are derived. Symmetry is obtained simply through matrix manipulation, and no hypersingularity appears. Therefore, SBEM is much easier than the traditional symmetric Galerkin BEM. Compared with the traditional asymmetric BEM, the present SBEM can reduce the computational cost for time domain problems only. However, when applied to BEM/FEM coupling procedure, SBEM can reduce the computational cost for both steady-state and time domain problems. Three numerical examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present formulations. 相似文献
106.
107.
The introduction of multiple, independent production lines has helped many firms to increase their production flexibility, provide for redundancy when equipment breaks down, reduce idle time and labor costs, and achieve many other benefits. This paper introduces and formalizes the multiple U-line balancing problem. Optimal solution methodologies are provided for Type I (minimize the number of stations for a given cycle time), Type II (minimize the cycle time for a given number of stations), and cost-minimization line-balancing problems. A branch-and-bound algorithm is also developed for the situation in which equipment requirements are dependent on the line configuration and the task assignment to stations. Computational results indicate that the greatest benefit of exploiting multiple lines occurs for smaller cycle-time problems that require higher output. 相似文献
108.
This work is an experimental study of mechanisms for transition to turbulence in the boundary layer on a rotating disk. In
one case, the focus was on a triad resonance between pairs of traveling cross-flow modes and a stationary cross-flow mode.
The other was on the temporal growth of traveling modes through a linear absolute instability mechanism first discovered by
Lingwood (1995, J Fluid Mech 314:373–405). Both research directions made use of methods for introducing controlled initial
disturbances. One used a distributed array of ink dots placed on the disk surface to enhance a narrow band of azimuthal and
radial wave numbers of both stationary and traveling modes. The size of the dots was small so that the disturbances they produce
were linear. Another approach introduced temporal disturbances by a short-duration air pulse from a hypodermic tube located
above the disk and outside the boundary layer. Hot-wire sensors primarily sensitive to the azimuthal velocity component, were
positioned at different spatial (r,θ) locations on the disk to document the growth of disturbances. Spatial correlation measurements were used with two simultaneous
sensors to obtain wavenumber vectors. Cross-bicoherence was used to identify three-frequency phase locking. Ensemble averages
conditioned on the air pulses revealed wave packets that evolved in time and space. The space–time evolution of the leading
and trailing edges of the wave packets were followed past the critical radius for the absolute instability, r
c
A
. With documented linear amplitudes, the spreading of the disturbance wave packets did not continue to grow in time as r
c
A
was approached. Rather, the spreading of the trailing edge of the wave packet decelerated and asymptotically approached a
constant. This result supports the linear DNS simulations of Davies and Carpenter (2003, J Fluid Mech 486:287–329) who concluded
that the absolute instability mechanism does not result in a global mode, and that linear-disturbance wave packets are dominated
by the convective instability. In contrast, wave-number matching between traveling cross-flow modes confirmed a triad resonance
that lead to the growth of a low azimuthal number (n = 4) stationary mode. At transition, this mode had the largest amplitude. Signs of this mechanism can be found in past flow
visualization of transition to turbulence in rotating disk flows. 相似文献
109.
道路与匝道中线自动绘制的算法与实现 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
道路与立交匝道平面中线的计算机自动绘制是道路路线CAD软件的核心功能之一,在道路工程计算机动态交互式设计、计算机辅助成图方面具有基础性作用.依据道路中线线形的曲率变化特点,推导了道路中线坐标计算的通用数学模型,并根据一个工程实例在通用图形系统AutoCAD环境下实现了道路与匝道中线的自动绘制. 相似文献
110.
Yukio Sato Tomohito Tanaka Fumiyasu Oba Takahisa Yamamoto Yuichi Ikuhara Taketo Sakuma 《Science and Technology of Advanced Materials》2003,4(6):137
SrTiO3 and ZnO bicrystals with various types of boundaries were fabricated in order to examine their current–voltage characteristics across single grain boundaries. Their grain boundary structures were also investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. In Nb-doped SrTiO3, electron transport behaviors depend on the type of boundaries. Random type boundaries exhibit highly non-linear current–voltage characteristics, while low angle boundaries show a slight non-linearity. On the contrary, undoped ZnO does not exhibit non-linear current–voltage characteristics in any type of boundaries including random ones. It is suggested that the differences observed in current–voltage properties between the two systems are mainly due to the difference in the accumulation behavior of acceptor-like native defects at grain boundaries. A clear non-linearity is obtained by means of Co-doping even for the highly coherent Σ1 boundary in a ZnO bicrystal. This is considered to result from the production of acceptor-like native defects by Co-doping. 相似文献