Biomechanical assessment of lateral stiffness elements in the suspension system of a backpack

The purpose of this study was to examine the change in load distribution characteristics associated with adding lateral stiffness elements (rods) to a rucksack (backpack). A load distribution mannequin was instrumented with two 3D load cells to allow determination of the load applied to the shoulders and upper torso independent of the load applied to the hips and lower trunk. Position and mass of the payload (25?kg) were fixed at the centre of the volume of the rucksack and held constant during all testing. It was hypothesized that lateral rods would provide a force bridge that transfers part of the vertical load of the pack from the upper back and shoulders to the hip belt thereby reducing the vertical load on the torso, and possibly reducing the horizontal reaction force that produces a shear load on the spine. Results showed that these active stiffness elements shifted 14% of the vertical load from the upper torso to the pelvic region with lumbar shear load remaining relatively unchanged for all combinations of shoulder strap and waist belt tension. The lateral rods also provided a mean increase of 12% in the extensor moment at the L3?–?L4 level, thus reducing some demand on the erector spinae muscles.     

The transmission of vibration through gloves: effects of push force,vibration magnitude and inter-subject variability

The extent to which a glove modifies the risks from hand-transmitted vibration is quantified in ISO 10819:1996 by a measure of glove transmissibility determined with one vibration magnitude, one contact force with a handle and only three subjects. This study was designed to investigate systematically the vibration transmissibility of four ‘anti-vibration’ gloves over the frequency range 16–1600 Hz with 12 subjects, at six magnitudes of vibration (0.25–8.0 ms^?2 r.m.s.) and with six push forces (5 N to 80 N). The four gloves showed different transmissibility characteristics that were not greatly affected by vibration magnitude but highly dependent on push force. In all conditions, the variability in transmissibility between subjects was as great as the variability between gloves. It is concluded that a standardised test of glove dynamic performance should include a wide range of hands and a range of forces representative of those occurring in work with vibratory tools.

Statement of Relevance: The transmission of vibration through anti-vibration gloves is highly dependent on the push force between the hand and a handle and also highly dependent on the hand that is inside the glove. The influence of neither factor is well reflected in ISO 10819:1996, the current standard for anti-vibration gloves.     

Influences of denucleation on contact force of facet joints under whole body vibration

To investigate the influence of the injured disc, frequency, load and damping on the facet contact forces of the low lumbar spine on the condition of whole body vibration, a detailed 3-D nonlinear finite element model was created based on the actual geometrical data of embalmed vertebrae of lumbar spine. The denucleation and facetectomy, together with removal of the capsular ligaments was employed to mimic the injury conditions of lumbar spine after surgery. The compression cyclic force was assumed to mimic the dynamic loads of transport vehicles. The results show that the high frequency vibration might increase both of the value and the vibration amplitude of facet contact forces of the lumbar spine under whole body vibration. The nucleus removal may increase significantly the facet contact forces. Although damping can decrease the vibration amplitude of facet contact forces for intact models, it has less effect on the vibration amplitude of facet contact force for the denucleated models. The denucleation of intervertebral discs is more harmful to the facet articulation on the condition of whole body vibration.     

Inhibition effect of a synthesized N, N＇-bis（2-hydroxybenzaldehyde）- 1, 3-propandiimine on corrosion of mild steel in HC1

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 mol/L HCl by N, N′-bis (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde)-1, 3-propandiimine (2-HBP) has been investigated by using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry measurements. The experimental results suggest that this compound is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel and the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in inhibitor concentration. Polarization curves reveal that this organic compound is a mixed type inhibitor. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild steel with the addition of the Schiff base was studied in the temperature range from 25℃ to 65℃. The experimentally obtained adsorption isotherms follow the Langmuir equation. Activation and thermodynamic adsorption parameters such as E a , ΔH, ΔS, K ads and ΔG ads were calculated by the corrosion currents at different temperatures and using the adsorption isotherm. The morphology of mild steel surface in the absence and presence of 2-HBP was examined by atomic force microscope (AFM) images.     

基于洛伦兹力三自由度球形电机的矢量控制

针对永磁球形电机结构和洛伦兹力的控制方法,借鉴单自由度永磁同步电机的矢量控制,提出一种基于球面切矢量的球形电机控制算法.该控制算法通过球面空间的矢量分析和四元数计算,获得球面切矢量,进而解得控制电机定子各个线圈中电流所产生的洛伦兹力,实现球形电机的点到点运动.仿真实验给出了该算法的实验结果,实验结果表明,该算法下,球形...     

具有温度补偿的FBG电流传感器研究

采用双光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)和2种不同的解调方法实现对基于电磁力的FBG电流传感的温度补偿,对2种解调方法进行比较。实验结果表明:采用光谱分析仪(OSA)进行波长解调,测量范围为0.35～2.5 A,灵敏度为0.93 nm/A;采用滤波调谐进行光强解调,测量范围为0.30～0.70 A,灵敏度可达到9.6 nW/mA。     

应变式井下工程参数测量传感器组桥与布片研究

为了实时了解井下钻头的工作情况,提高钻井的安全性和可靠性,设计了一种应变式传感器。该传感器使用4组全桥方式的测量电桥。测量电桥采用科学的布片和组桥方法,能同时测量钻压、扭矩和钻头所受的侧向力,并有效抵消温度对测量参数的影响,从而降低各测量参数之间的耦合影响。针对井下恶劣的工况条件,采用了镍铬铝合金制作的金属箔式应变片。该应变片能够抗高温、抗蠕变和耐腐蚀。现场试验结果表明,各组测量电桥能够满足实际工况需要。     

无刷直线直流电机非换相期间推力分析

在电磁弹射过程中,抑制推力波动具有很重要的意义,并且要保持推力恒定,而速度对推力具有很大的影响,因此在本文中重点分析速度对推力的影响.首先建立了非换相期间无刷直线直流电机(BLDCLM)的数学模型,对数学模型进行了求解,推导出电流、推力的解析式;详细分析了PWM调制占空比、速度、反电动势系数对推力的影响,其中反电动势系数的分析结果对电机的设计具有重要的参考意义.最后,通过采用直接搜索的方法获得最优的占空比,来补偿增大的速度引起的推力下降.     

汽车转向/防抱死制动系统的非线性鲁棒协调控制

针对汽车转向系统和防抱死制动系统的协调控制问题,提出一种新的非线性鲁棒协调控制系统.该控制结构由转向控制器和制动控制器组成.为了改善整个系统的鲁棒性和协调性,根据汽车转向和制动非线性综合模型,基于Hamilton函数方法设计了汽车非线性鲁棒协调控制器.该控制器通过预置状态反馈完成系统的耗散Hamilton函数实现.设计了适用于复杂工况的制动力分配策略.仿真结果验证了所设计控制算法的稳定性和有效性.