热解吸还原土的资源化利用研究进展

污油泥的污染特性对环境产生了深远影响,热解吸处理技术是当前较为成熟的技术,处理后的产物进行综合利用,降低对环境的危害。对热解吸技术进行简要阐述,对热解吸处理后的还原土资源化利用现状进行综述和介绍,为后续处置或利用提供一定的借鉴意义。     

Impact of human activity on NO soil fluxes

Changes in land use driven by the increasing demand of food are affecting the fluxes of trace gases to the atmosphere. The more important human activities that affect NO soil fluxes are: deforestation, intensification of agricultural practices, and biomass burning. In this review emphasis is given to identifying the physicochemical and biological processes involved in the changes, and no attempt to quantify their contribution to global or regional NO budgets is made.Conversion of tropical forest to pasture is occurring very rapidly. An increase of the NO emission is observed immediately after deforestation (1–5 years) followed by a significant decrease (below forest levels) in old pastures and secondary successional forests. It seems that deforested tropical areas produce, in the long term, less NO than primary forests. The observed changes are not completely understood, but are most likely driven by the availability of exchangeable nitrogen and the bacteria' population.Soil plowing and fertilization are important factors that affect NO fluxes in agricultural soils. Plowing increases soil porosity and aeration, as well increasing the surface area that is exposed to the atmosphere. These physical changes increase the production of soil nitrate, and the escape efficiency of NO from the soil, enhancing NO fluxes. The emission of NO from fertilized soils depends on many variables: type of fertilizer (i.e. ammonium, nitrate), the structure of the soil microbial community (e.g., populations of nitrifiers and denitrifiers), meteorogical conditions (e.g. soil moisture and temperature), and soil management (e.g. plowing). A combination of these factors should explain the large range reported for the fraction of N-fertilizer that is emitted as NO to the atmosphere. Measurements made in diverse ecosystems show that vegetation burning enhances NO soil emissions. However, it seems that different processes, which are not well understood, occur at the various sites; e.g., in the tropical savannah, enhanced emissions, from dry soils, are observed immediately after burning, whereas in Californian chaparral burned dry soils emit on average less than the unburned plots, and the fluxes only increase after soil wetting. Changes in the physical conditions of the soil surface and N availability are the most likely factors that explain the increased fluxes.     

论一种含调节剂的生态肥料的应用

论述了一种含调节剂的生态肥料的应用以及主要广泛对土壤施用化肥的状况下,对农作物生长的影响,对化肥功能的作用以及对土壤生态环境的影响.     

Gel Permeation Chromatography with High Loads

Abstract

High loads on GPC columns usually lead to poor efficiency because of steep viscosity gradients. A great difference in density between solution and solvent can also cause excessive band broadening. However, under certain conditions good separations are achieved with loads of 150 mg/100 cc column volume and higher. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain this phenomenon. Secondary exclusion is caused by obstruction of pores to larger molecules by the more rapidly diffusing small molecules. It takes place predominantly with molecules of less than 2000 molecular weight in small pore gels. Incompatibility is caused by repulsive interaction between solute molecules and the polystyrene gel. It is observed with solutes which are chemically quite different from polystyrene, e.g., with polyvinyl acetate, and in a low to intermediate molecular weight range.     

Leaching of Pb Contaminated Soil using Ozone/UV Treatment of EDTA Extractants

Abstract

One of the main problems of EDTA based soil‐washing technologies for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils is the separation of EDTA‐heavy metals complexes from the waste extractant. In our study an advanced oxidation process using ozone and UV was used for the decomposition of EDTA‐Pb complexes in soil extractants obtained during leaching of Pb contaminated soil. Released Pb was removed by absorption. Twenty consecutive soil treatments with 2.5 mmol kg^?1 EDTA removed 58.4% of Pb and greatly reduced the Pb mobility and oral‐availability. The waste extractant was colorless, with slightly basic pH and with low Pb and EDTA concentrations.     

Early growth and N2-fixation of leucaena and gliricidia at different levels of phosphorus application

The phosphorus (P) uptake and use efficiency in relation to N₂ fixation and growth of three provenances of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) two cultivars of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and one ofL. diversifolia, all inoculated withRhizobium, were determined at five levels of P application. Increasing the P application rate resulted in a 33% increase in dry matter and total N ofL. diversifolia and an 18% dry matter increase of gliricidia provenance 13/84 over the control without P. Leucaena K8, which did not respond to P application, yielded as well with low P asL. diversifolia at the high P indicating the lower P requirement of cultivar K8. Leucaena cultivar Singapore did not yield well at either low or high P. Correlation analyses showed that differences between species and cultivars/provenances for P uptake per plant were largely related to differences in shoot growth rate and the distribution of P between roots and tops. P use efficiency was not related to dry-matter production. Genetic control of P and dry matter distribution of is probably more important than P availability in the growth media for gliricidia and leucaena provenances or cultivars. Increasing the P application rate significantly increased the number and mass of nodules in leucaena cultivars and gliricidia provenances. Significant increases in the proportion of N derived from atmospheric N₂ (% Ndfa) due to low P application (20 mg P kg^–1 soil) were observed within leucaena but not for gliricidia provenances. No significant increases in % Ndfa occurred with higher P application rates suggesting that symbiotic N₂ fixationper se is stimulated only with low rates of P.     

Residual value of superphosphate measured using yields of different pasture legume species and bicarbonate — extractable soil phosphorus

The residual value of superphosphate was measured in three glasshouse pot experiments using three different lateritic soils (pH CaCl₂: 4.8–5.3) from south-western Australia. The residual value was estimated relative to levels of freshly-applied superphosphate using yield of dried tops and bicarbonatesoluble P extracted from the soil (soil test values). Up to five successive crops were grown. In each experiment, four different pasture legume species fertilized with mineral nitrogen were grown in rotation with a cereal species. The legume species includedMedicago polymorpha, M. murex, Trifolium subterraneum, Ornithopus compressus, O. perpusillus andO. pinnatus. The cereal species includedTriticum aestivum, ×Triticosecale, andHordeum vulgare. The comparative phosphorus (P) requirement of the different pasture legumes was estimated from the amount of P required to produce 50 or 90% of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest. Soil samples for the soil test were collected just before sowing each crop, and were related to the plant yields of that crop.Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the residual value of superphosphate measured using plant yield was similar for all pasture legume species, and decreased markedly, by about 50 to 80% between the first and second crop, and by a further 5 to 30% for subsequent crops. The decrease in residual value estimated using soil test values was less marked. For freshly-applied superphosphate, and for the same plant species, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied differed for different crops.There was no consistent, systematic trend for the comparative P requirement of the different legume species within and between crops of the three experiments and soils.For all crops, the relationship between yield of dried tops and P concentration in dried tissue generally differed for the different legume species, indicating the different species usually have different internal efficiency of P use curves. However, for each experiment, when the same cereal species was grown in all the pots, the relationship between yield and P concentration in tissue was similar for previously- and freshly-applied superphosphate, regardless of the pasture legume species grown in previous crops.The relationship between yield and soil test values usually differed, within each crop, for different plant species and for previously- and freshly-applied superphosphate. For the same plant species, the relationship also differed between different crops.     

Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential

The possibility that the carbon sink in agricultural soils can be enhanced has taken on great political significance since the Kyoto Protocol was finalised in December 1997. The Kyoto Protocol allows carbon emissions to be offset by demonstrable removal of carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, forestry activities (Article 3.3) and changes in the use of agricultural soils (Article 3.4) that are shown to reduce atmospheric CO₂levels may be included in the Kyoto emission reduction targets. The European Union is committed to a reduction in CO₂ emissions to 92% of baseline (1990) levels during the first commitment period (2008–2012). We have shown recently that there are a number of agricultural land-management changes that show some potential to increase the carbon sink in agricultural soils and others that allow alternative forms of carbon mitigation (i.e. through fossil fuel substitution), but the options differ greatly in their potential for carbon mitigation. The changes examined were, (a) switching all animal manure use to arable land, (b) applying all sewage sludge to arable land, (c) incorporating all surplus cereal straw, (d) conversion to no-till agriculture, (e) use of surplus arable land to de-intensify 1/3 of current intensive crop production (through use of 1/3 grass/arable rotations), (f) use of surplus arable land to allow natural woodland regeneration, and (g) use of surplus arable land for bioenergy crop production. In this paper, we attempt for the first time to assess other (non-CO₂) effects of these land-management changes on (a) the emission of the other important agricultural greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, and (b) other aspects of the ecology of the agroecosystems. We find that the relative importance of trace gas fluxes varies enormously among the scenarios. In some such as the sewage sludge, woodland regeneration and bioenergy production scenarios, the inclusion of trace gases makes only a small (<10%) difference to the CO₂-C mitigation potential. In other cases, for example the no-till, animal manure and agricultural de-intensification scenarios, trace gases have a large impact, sometimes halving or more than doubling the CO₂-C mitigation potential. The scenarios showing the greatest increase when including trace gases are those in which manure management changes significantly. In the one scenario (no-till) where the carbon mitigation potential was reduced greatly, a small increase in methane oxidation was outweighed by a sharp increase in N₂O emissions. When these land-management options are combined to examine the whole agricultural land area of Europe, most of the changes in mitigation potential are small, but depending upon assumptions for the animal manure scenario, the total mitigation potential either increases by about 20% or decreases by about 10%, shifting the mitigation potential of the scenario from just above the EU's 8% Kyoto emission reduction target (98.9 Tg C y⁻¹) to just below it. Our results suggest that (a) trace gas fluxes may change the mitigation potential of a land management option significantly and should always be considered alongside CO₂-C mitigation potentials and (b) agricultural management options show considerable potential for carbon mitigation even after accounting for trace gas fluxes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

畜禽粪便中四环类抗生素的残留和环境行为

我国畜禽养殖业很发达,畜禽粪便中残留的四环素类抗生素的污染对生态环境构成了巨大的潜在威胁。针对这种状况,本文总结了我国四环素类抗生素在畜禽粪便中的残留状况及其进入环境的途径,并概述了其在环境中的迁移和降解状况。     

Use of Surfactants to Enhance the Removal of PAHs from Soil

The efficiency of soil remediation is often limited by the low aqueous solubility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs. Surfactants can then be used to enhance the removal of PAHs from soils. The dissolution of pure solid deposit of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P, has shown that cationic surfactants are the most efficient to increase the aqueous solubility of B(a)P, when compared to neutral or anionic surfactants. In this paper we compare by using soil suspension washings, the efficiency of two surfactants (i) a cationic surfactant, the benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium bromide, BDDA, and (ii) a neutral one, the t-octylphenoxypolyethoxy ethanol, triton X-100. The losses of surfactant, by adsorption on soil or precipitation, were measured together with the release of B(a)P, chosen as a model molecule, representative of all the PAHs. The efficiency of surfactants used in blend was then compared to the efficiency of surfactants alone.