Environmental Tritium in the Vicinity of Tokai Reprocessing Plant

The distribution of ³H in the atmosphere, vegetations and soil water was observed in the vicinity of Tokai reprocessing plant (TRP) over the period 1990–2004. The annual means of the atmospheric HTO and HT concentrations were in the range of 12–40 mBqm^?3 with a significant seasonal variation and 14–51 mBqm^?3 with no seasonal variation, respectively. Long-term atmospheric dilution factors, defined as the annual mean of the atmospheric HTO concentration divided by the discharge rate of HTO from the TRP, were estimated to be 10^?8–10^?6 sm^?3. The atmospheric HTO concentrations decreased with distance from the TRP, falling to the current background level in Japan at 5 km off-site. The HTO concentrations observed were compared with those calculated by a simple mathematical model with input data of the monthly ³H discharge rates and actual meteorological conditions. The calculations were correlated well with the observations even for only a little HTO-elevated situation, considering the naturally occurring ³H level in atmospheric vapor around the TRP. Tritium concentrations in vegetation and soil water samples were roughly the same as the atmospheric HTO concentrations, suggesting the rapid equilibrium of ³H concentrations in the atmosphere-soil-vegetation system around the TRP.     

Evaluation of Migration of Cesium-137 Adsorbed on Fine Soil Particles through Natural Aerated Soil Layer

In order to evaluate migration of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed on fine soil particles in natural aerated soil layers, filtration constants of fine soil particles between soil and pore water were determined by the inverse analysis of the results of a large scale indoor migration test (STEM) using the soil layer samples collected from the natural aerated soil layers of Tokai and Rokkasho-mura without any disturbance. The amounts of ¹³,Cs which migrated through the soil layer samples with the movement of fine soil particles were also determined by the inverse analysis. The filtration constant for a loamy soil layer was larger than that for a sandy soil layer and the dependence of the filtration constant on mean diameter was the same as that obtained in small scale column experiments. On the other hand, the amount of ¹³⁷Cs which migrated through the soil layer sample with the movement of fine soil particles was 0.15~6.5% of introduced ¹³⁷Cs and dependent on size distribution and solidification degree of the soil layer sample. Therefore, it seems that the amount of ¹³⁷Cs which migrates to a long distance with the movement of fine soil particles is small in the case of a fine and solidified soil layer. A trial evaluation of the migration of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed on fine soil particles using the result of the analysis showed that the concentration decreasing effect of Rokkasho's soil layer including the loamy soil layer was larger than that of Tokai's sandy soil layer.     

土壤氡测量在连山关祁家堡子地区铀矿勘查中的应用

连山关祁家堡子地区岩体接触带为一条重要的控矿构造带,由于地表第四系覆盖较厚以及矿体埋藏较深,前人开展的地面γ能谱测量未能发现有意义的异常。通过土壤氡测量,发现了5条氡浓度异常带,其中P-5号氡浓度异常带已经钻探查证,发现铀异常孔2个、矿化孔1个。     

Optimization for microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) by Enterobacter sp. S-1 using response surface methodology

In this research, the response surface method designed by Box-Behnken was used to study the effect of temperature, pH value and TPH concentration on the biodegradation of Enterobacter sp. S-1contaminated soil. The value of determination coefficient (R²=0.9565) by analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a satisfactory agreement between the quadratic model and the experimental data. It was found that TPH degradation rate was more significantly affected (P?<?0.0006) by temperature compared with other two parameters. In the temperature of 30?°C, pH value of 7.14 and TPH concentration was 4.83?g/L, the best degradation rate was 81.63%.     

库尔勒土壤环境中X70管线钢剥离涂层下的腐蚀特征

利用矩形剥离缝隙模型研究了库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中X70管线钢剥离涂层下的滞留液化学特征以及X70钢腐蚀特征.随着浸泡时间的延长,缝内滞留液的p H值逐渐下降直至稳定.Cl^-在缝内滞留液中有不同程度的聚集,其中在缝隙底部的质量浓度最高.SO₄^2-的质量浓度在腐蚀初期表现为随距离增加而降低,到腐蚀后期表现为随距离增加而升高.HCO₃^-和NO₃^-的质量浓度从漏点至缝底有小幅降低.阳离子的质量浓度变化不明显.缝内X70钢的腐蚀形貌表现为明显的点蚀,且随距漏点距离的增加,点蚀越严重.     

咪草烟在大豆田土壤中的残留动态

采用高效液相色谱检测土壤中咪草烟残留动态。以乙腈-水-乙酸(体积比45∶54.1∶0.9)作为流动相,该方法咪草烟在土壤中的回收率为83%～88%,最小检出质量分数为0.02mg/kg。该方法操作简单,定量准确,与其它方法比较易于推广应用,适于土壤残留的常规分析。     

Phosphorus supplying capacity of heavily fertilized soils II. Dry matter yield of successive crops and phosphorus uptake at different temperatures

Nine heavily fertilized soils were collected from southern and central Norway. A greenhouse experiment in the phytotron was conducted to evaluate the P supplying capacities of these soils at different temperatures (9, 12 and 18 °C). The crops were grown in succession and the sequence was oat, rye grass (cut twice), oat, rape and oat. Effect of temperature on dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake was more marked up to the fourth crop but the effect varied among crops. The DM yields of oat and rape increased with increasing temperature but the opposite was the case with rye grass. The yield differences among soils at 12 °C were highly significant (p < 0.01) in contrast to 9 and 18 °C. The amount of P taken up by plants in these soils was highest at 18. °C. The P supplying capacity was highest in the soils with higher content of organic P. Generally, the soils of very fine and coarse texture classes failed to supply enough P to crops to avoid P deficiency in the successive crops. Soil P test (P-NH₄-lactate) values in most of the soils increased with increasing temperatures. The highest temperature effect was seen in the Særheim sand soil. Soil P test extractants P-AL, Bray-1 and Colwell-P were used to determine P in the soil after each harvest and the soil P test values were compared with P uptake by crops. Only the P-AL extractant was significantly correlated to cumulative P removal (CPR) by plants in most of the soils. Regression equation was calculated for each soil. The value of removed P per harvest (RPH) varied from 10.33 to 20.87 mg P kg^–1 soil. Phosphorus drawdown slope was determined for each soil and the number of consecutive harvests necessary to reduce the P-AL value to a normal level (110 mg P kg^–1 soil) was calculated. The drawdown slope varied widely (1.257–2.801) and this reflected the P buffer capacity and the number of crops required to lower the soil test P value to a normal level. The highest drawdown slope was found in the soils with higher P supplying capacities. The Bray-1 extractant was significantly correlated in the soils with higher buffer capacity but the Colwell-P method did not show significant correlation in any of the soils.     

The initial and residual value for subterranean clover of phosphorus from crandallite rock phosphates,apatite rock phosphates and superphosphate

The residual value of phosphorus from superphosphate, crandallite rock phosphate (Christmas Island C-grade ore), 500°C calcined crandallite rock phosphate (Calciphos) and apatite rock phosphate from Queensland, Australia, was measured in a 6 year field experiment sited on lateritic soil in south-western Australia. Different amounts of each fertilizer were applied at the commencement of the experiment, and either left on the soil surface or mixed through the soil by cultivating to a depth of about 10 cm. Dry matter production of subterranean clover measured in spring (August) and bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus determined from soil samples collected in summer (January–February) were used as indicators of fertilizer effectiveness.The effectiveness values calculated for each fertilizer each year were similar for the treatments that were left on the soil surface and those which were mixed through the soil. The effectiveness of both ordinary and triple superphosphate were similar each year. They were the most effective fertilizers for the duration of the experiment. Using pasture yield as an indicator, the effectiveness of the superphosphates decreased by about 50% from year 1 to year 2, and by a further 10% over the remaining 4 years. Using bicarbonate-extracted soil phosphorus the effectiveness of both superphosphates decreased in a more uniform fashion by about 60% from year 2 to year 6. The effectiveness of all the rock phosphate fertilizers was approximately constant through time. As calculated from yield and bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus values, C-grade ore, Calciphos and the Queensland apatite were respectively 5%, 20% and 7% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate.The proportion of the total phosphorus content present in the rock phosphates which was initially soluble in neutral ammonium citrate was a poor predictor of the effectiveness of the phosphorus from these fertilizers determined using herbage yield or the amount of bicarbonate — soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil.The bicarbonate soil test did not predict the same future production for superphosphate and some of the rock phosphates in years 2 and 3 of the experiment, indicating that different soil test calibration curves are needed for the different fertilizers.     

The influence of soil properties on the effectiveness of phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) in reducing ammonia volatilization from surface applied urea

Urea can be an inefficient N source due to rapid hydrolysis by soil urease leading to NH₃ volatilization. The current study investigated the effect of the urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) incorporated at two concentrations (0.5% and 1% w/w) within the fertilizer granule on NH₃ volatilization from surface applied urea. The daily rates of NH₃ loss from 20 soils of widely differing properties from Northern Ireland were measured over 14 days using ventilated enclosures under simulated spring conditions. Cumulative loss rates were calculated and fitted to a logistic model from which total NH₃ loss (Amax) and the time to maximum rate of loss (Tmax) were determined. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis related the effectiveness of PPD in reducing NH₃ volatilization from urea to soil properties.The total cumulative loss of ammonia from unamended urea varied from 0.37 to 29.2% depending on soil type. Ammonia volatilization appeared to be greatest on a soil with a high pH (R² = 0.65), a low titratable acidity (TA) (R² = 0.63) and a soil that was drying out (R² = 0.50). Soil pH was negatively correlated with TA (r = –0.826, P < 0.001) suggesting that soils with a low TA may have received recent lime. Including cation exchange capacity (CEC) and % N as well as pH-KCl in the multiple linear regression equation explained 86% of the variance.The effectiveness of PPD in reducing Amax varied between 0% to 91% depending on soil type, the average over all 20 soils being 30 and 36% for 0.5% and 1% PPD respectively. The most important soil properties influencing the effectiveness of the urease inhibitor were soil pH-H₂O and TA accounting for 33% and 29% of the variance respectively. PPD was less effective on a soil with a high pH and low TA. These were the soil conditions that led to high NH₃ volatilization from unamended urea and may explain why PPD had limited success in reducing ammonia loss on these soils. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that 75% of the variation in the % inhibition of NH₃ loss by PPD could be significantly accounted for by pH-H₂O, initial soil NO ₃ ^- -N concentration, % moisture content and % moisture loss.The delay in Tmax by PPD ranged from 0.19 to 7.93 days, the average over all 20 soils being 2.5 and 2.8 days for 0.5% and 1% PPD respectively. TA, % moisture content, urease activity and CEC were soil properties that significantly explained 83% of the variation in the % delay in Tmax by PPD in multiple linear regression analysis. However, none of these soil properties were significant on their own. As urea hydrolysis occurs rapidly in soil, delaying Tmax under field conditions would increase the chance of rain falling to move the urea below the soil surface and reduce NH₃ volatilization. A urease inhibitor should be more effective than PPD on soils with a high pH and low TA to be successful in reducing high NH₃ losses.     

GFRP筋土钉支护钉头的锚固性能

土钉钉头为土钉墙整体结构中的薄弱部位,为研究土钉钉头锚固性能,以一种装配式柔性面层GFRP筋土钉墙为例,通过室内钉头锚固性能试验及三维数值模拟对外径32 mm的中空GFRP筋钉头的极限抗拉强度、钉头变形及破坏规律进行研究。研究结果表明,该GFRP筋钉头极限承载力在240~290 kN之间,当螺母拧紧时螺纹副的应力主要分布在螺纹牙前3环,其中以钉头第1环螺纹牙应力集中现象尤为明显;此外,采用螺纹展开法建立钉头螺纹牙的力学模型,得出了第1环螺纹极限剪切强度与钉头极限荷载之间的关系,并通过计算得出该GFRP筋钉头极限承载力为244.54 kN,与试验结果相符。通过室内钉头锚固性能试验的脆性破坏特点,确定GFRP筋钉头安全系数在1.8~2.0之间,并判定此种GFRP筋安全荷载在125~135 kN之间。