Atomic-scale mechanisms of densification in cold-compressed borosilicate glasses

Knowledge of the underlying structural response during deformation processes is essential for understanding the macroscopic mechanical response of glass. Here we present results from cold compression-decompression molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of two multicomponent borosilicate glasses, Borofloat^®33 (Boro33) and N-BK7^® (N-BK7). Our results suggest that the densification of these two borosilicate glasses involves different types of structural changes. The fraction of permanent densification can be correlated to the change in intermediate-range structure. By performing Voronoi analysis, we quantify the contributions to densification from different cation types in these two multicomponent borosilicate glasses, finding that 3-coordinated cations facilitate the densification process. Higher-coordinated cations are relatively stable and can even show a slight expansion in their Voronoi volume.     

Cold sintering of diatomaceous earth

Diatomite, a natural silicate-based sedimentary rock, was densified by cold sintering at room temperature and 150°C under various pressures (100, 200, and 300 MPa) and using different NaOH water solutions (0–3 M). The relative density of cold sintered diatomite can be as high as 90%, a condition that can be achieved by conventional firing only at 1200–1300°C. The cold sintered materials maintain the same mineralogical composition of the starting powder (quartz, glass, and illite) and are constituted by well-deformed and flattened grains oriented orthogonally to the applied pressure. Conversely, an evident phase evolution takes place upon conventional firing with the formation of cristobalite and mullite. The bending strength of cold sintered artifacts can exceed 40 MPa and increases to ≈80 MPa after post-annealing at 800°C, such mechanical strength is much larger than that of conventionally pressed samples sintered at 800°C, which is only ≈1 MPa.     

Improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by ternary blending with bio-based alcohols and diesel from direct coal liquefaction

The utilization and popularization of biodiesel are always limited by its poor cold flow properties. Both bio-based alcohol and diesel from direct coal liquefaction (DDCL) has potential to enhance the cold flow properties of biodiesel. In this study, ternary blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (BWCO) with DDCL and bio-based ethanol (ET) or 1-butanol (BT) were conducted to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. The pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and cloud point (CP) of BWCO-ET, BWCO-BT, and BWCO-DDCL binary blends, and BWCO-ET-DDCL and BWCO-BT-DDCL ternary blends were comparatively assessed. Ternary phase diagrams were also applied to analyze the blending effect of the three components on the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Results showed that both DDCL, ET, and BT can remarkably enhance the cold flow properties of BWCO. When the ternary blends contain 20 vol.% BWCO and less than 40 vol.% ET or BT, DDCL together with ET or BT exerted positive effects on enhancing the low-temperature flow properties of BWCO, especially on the CP and CFPP. For ternary blends in 20:10:70 blending ratio, BWCO-BT-DDCL exhibited the lowest PP, CFPP, and CP of −23, −19, and −17°C, respectively. The crystallization behavior and crystal morphology of blended fuels are also observed via a polarizing optical microscope, and find that DDCL together with BT in biodiesel can effectively retard the aggregation of large crystals and inhibit crystals growth.     

冷能利用片冰机海水淡化动态仿真

介绍了一种新型的冷冻海水淡化技术。到2019年末,液化天然气（LNG）生产能力已达4.3亿吨/年。LNG从再气化过程中释放出的巨大冷能量可用于冷冻脱盐过程,以最大限度地降低总能耗。本文采用HYSYS软件设计并仿真了利用LNG冷能的片冰机冷冻海水淡化（FD）过程。采用片冰机上的制冰桶作为海水结晶器,主要是由于其连续制冰和除冰无热源。利用gPROMS软件建立了冻结段的动态模型并进行了仿真。结果表明,用1kg当量液化天然气冷能可获得1.9~2.1kg的冰融水,该混合工艺的制冷剂泵功率能耗为3.725Wh/100kg,可忽略不计。     

冷柱头进样气相色谱法分析橡胶防护蜡的碳数分布

研究冷柱头进样气相色谱法分析橡胶防护蜡的碳数分布以及正构烷烃/非正构烷烃比例。结果表明,采用冷柱头进样方法,在样品量为10 mg、样品完全溶解后静置10~30 min并取上层清液以及进样量为1μL时,分析得到的气相色谱峰的峰形和响应信号最优。本方法测定橡胶防护蜡的碳数分布以及正构烷烃/非正构烷烃比例结果准确、可靠。     

6CrW2Si钢渗碳后热轧形变制作冷剪刀的研究

6CrW2Si钢渗碳后经热轧形变可使渗层碳梯度平缓,碳化物分布均匀,消除了表层网状碳化物;淬火后可得到细的马氏体组织,并使残余奥氏体量减少;回火后硬度为HRC60～62。分析认为,可以用热轧形变量大小控制渗碳层的碳梯度。该工艺用于金属冷剪刀上使用寿命提高一倍。     

New developments in cold spray based on higher gas and particle temperatures

In cold spraying, bonding is associated with shear instabilities caused by high strain rate deformation during the impact. It is well known that bonding occurs when the impact velocity of an impacting particle exceeds a critical value. This critical velocity depends not only on the type of spray material, but also on the powder quality, the particle size, and the particle impact temperature. Up to now, optimization of cold spraying mainly focused on increasing the particle velocity. The new approach presented in this contribution demonstrates capabilities to reduce critical velocities by well-tuned powder sizes and particle impact temperatures. A newly designed temperature control unit was implemented to a conventional cold spray system and various spray experiments with different powder size cuts were performed to verify results from calculations. Microstructures and mechanical strength of coatings demonstrate that the coating quality can be significantly improved by using well-tuned powder sizes and higher process gas temperatures. The presented optimization strategy, using copper as an example, can be transferred to a variety of spray materials and thus, should boost the development of the cold spray technology with respect to the coating quality. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce合金时效特性的研究

研究了时效参数和变形量对Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr-0.055Ce合金性能的影响。结果表明:合金经920℃×1h固溶后,在500℃时效2h可获得较高的导电率和硬度;时效前对合金加以冷变形可加速第二相的析出,如合金经60%变形后在500℃时效0.5h时,导电率可达69.0%IACS,显微硬度达152.8HV,而固溶后直接时效导电率仅为56.3%I-ACS,显微硬度为130HV;微量稀土元素Ce的加入,使合金的显微硬度提高了18～25HV,而导电率略有降低。     

9Cr3Mo冷轧辊钢的热处理

采用分析对比的方法，研究了９Ｃｒ３Ｍｏ钢与制造冷轧辊常规用９Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ钢在热处理制度、金相组织和力学性能诸方面的异同，为开发９Ｃｒ３Ｍｏ冷轧工作辊，制定合理的热处理工艺奠定了基础。     

冷芯盒制芯工艺在4JR3缸体上的应用

根据4JR3缸体铸件的结构特点和生产条件，提出冷芯盒树脂砂的技术要求，根据对比试验结果，选择了GPⅠ／Ⅱ—201／202冷芯盒树脂。通过制芯工艺试验，确定了冷芯盒制芯的合理工艺参数，批量生产表明，缸体铸件能满足技术要求。