Towards zero carbon design in offices: Integrating smart facades,ventilation, and surface heating and cooling

This paper discusses an overall strategy for reducing energy demand in non-domestic buildings, mainly focusing on office developments. It considers four areas: reducing internal heat loads; addressing passive design through the building construction; using efficient and responsive HVAC systems and focusing on chilled (heated) surface systems; integrating renewable energy supply systems into the building design. The impact on energy use and carbon dioxide emissions will be discussed. The paper will draw from a range of design projects carried out in Europe, where this integrated approach has been applied, and then explore the benefits in relation to applications in the Middle East and China. Energy modeling results, to inform the design process will be presented, using energy simulation for three case study locations, in Zurich, the Chongqing and Abu Dhabi.     

Analysis of a solarimetric database for Mexico and comparison with the CSR model

An analysis of the solar radiation database from the network of meteorological stations of the Mexican National Weather Service was carried out. The database includes global irradiance measurements from the oldest 136 stations distributed in the Mexican territory. The consistency of data acquisition from the launch of the stations until 2010 was checked, and visual inspection of graphs of daily irradiance data was carried out, for the first three years operation, to ensure quality and reliability of the data. The results indicate that less than half of the stations have an adequate regularity for data records. With a limited number of selected stations that passed the applied quality criteria, evaluation of hourly and daily global irradiations was carried out. These results were compared to satellite derived data for Mexico, based on NREL's CSR model. The results of the comparison show a good agreement between measured and modeled daily global solar irradiation with an average RMSE of 6.6%. Based on the selected stations, a daily irradiation mean of 5.5 kWh/m²/day is estimated for the country.     

Combining wind farms with concentrating solar plants to provide stable renewable power

We evaluate the extent to which a combination of wind power and concentrating solar power (CSP) may lead to stable and even baseload power by taking advantage of: 1) spatiotemporal balancing of solar and wind energy resources and 2) storage capabilities of CSP plants. A case study is conducted for the region of Andalusia in Spain. To this end, spatiotemporal variability of modeled CSP and wind capacity factors in a 3-km spatial resolution grid were analyzed based on principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Results reveal that renewable baseload power can be obtained in the study region by locating wind farms and CSP plants using balancing patterns derived from CCA and PCA. In addition, the power fluctuation reduction attained from these patterns was substantially higher than those obtained by interconnecting randomly-located wind farms and CSP plants across the study region. Results were particularly meaningful for the winter season. Upon considering storage capability of the CSP plants, results proved better. The main difference was a higher firm capacity value associated with spring and summer seasons. For the other seasons, the contribution of thermal storage capabilities of the CSP plants to stable power proved less relevant.     

Regarding the influence of the Van der Hoven spectrum on wind energy applications in the meteorological mesoscale and microscale

We demonstrate the use of high frequency data (HFD) to reproduce the power spectrum shown by Van der Hoven in 1957. His work represents the basis of wind energy standards such as averaging and variability in the frequency domain. Our results unveil discrepancies with Van der Hoven's approach, which can be related to constraints in the computing capabilities in the 1950's. We show a major eddy-energy peak at a period of 2 days and a smaller eddy-energy peak contribution at frequencies higher than the region known as the spectrum gap. The variance calculated by the area under the curve indicated that the spectral energy is mainly due to the Power Spectral Density (PSD) values located in the microscale region. We calculated the economic value of this energy based on the turbulence kinetic energy of the wind data set. We also conclude that, given the results of the present study, HFD analysis in the frequency domain uncover eddy energy peaks that determine energy fluctuations in the short and long terms. This information is lost every time data are erased from current monitoring systems.     

蓄能型地源热泵式植物工厂供能系统

为了改善采用化石燃料为植物工厂供能所造成的排放大量温室气体和有害气体危害环境的问题,设计蓄能型地源热泵式供能植物工厂供能系统,削峰填谷,将一部分日间高峰负荷挪到晚上低谷期从而利用了晚上多余的电力,达到了节约能源的目的。通过计算确定植物工厂的冷热负荷选型制热量和制冷量分别为799 k W和613 k W的水源热泵,地下水抽水量为78.9 m3/h,并选型蓄热罐为400 m3,蓄冷罐为600 m3。经计算分析,该系统不仅有节能减排效益,而且具有一定的投资意义。     

钢桁架连梁-联肢剪力墙耗能机理及抗震性能试验研究

对设置全钢桁架连梁和设置钢筋混凝土、钢桁架混合连梁的双层联肢剪力墙平面结构进行了拟动力试验和低周反复荷载试验,研究了不同工况地震波作用下剪力墙的时程响应,以及其破坏机理、承载力、滞回延性性能、耗能机理、刚度及强度退化机理。试验结果表明：全部设置钢桁架连梁的剪力墙的刚度分布合理,耗能机理及刚度强度退化机理符合联肢剪力墙抗震设计的要求。大震时,在保证较高耗能能力的同时能够维持较高的承载力和刚度,持续约束墙肢,抗震性能优于混凝土连梁联肢剪力墙体系,是一种较理想的连梁设置方案。     

半再生重整装置能耗分析及节能措施

分析了青岛石油化工有限责任公司25万t/a半再生催化重整装置的能耗现状.通过采取降低反应压力及温度等措施,使汽油收率提高了3.87个百分点,总液收提高了2.21个百分点;通过改变加热炉设备的温度控制方式,使瓦斯单耗下降5.64 m3/t;通过对氧含量分析控制系统的改进,使瓦斯单耗下降2.44 m3/t,加热炉效率提高0.8个百分点.     

聚能等流度高效驱油新方法研究

对于非均质多油层油藏,现有开采理论和技术难以大幅度挖掘难采及滞留的剩余油,提出了同步聚能等流度调控大幅度提高采收率的新方法和驱油机理.通过等流度设计,实现了非均质层内的分流、聚能、聚流过程,达到大幅度驱油节能、节约注入水、减少注剂、降低投资、高效挖掘难采剩余油及大幅度提高采收率和开采效益的目的.数值模拟研究和对岩心渗透率为0.1～3.0μm²的非均质油层室内实验表明,水驱后聚能等流度驱油均获得较好效果,大幅度减少了注剂量、提高了驱油效率和采收率(60%～80%).现场试验分析表明,该方法能大幅度提高采收率.     

潜油电泵合理选配工艺研究

根据潜油电泵特性,分析了不合理选井、选泵对生产和能耗的影响。实际应用情况表明,运行在低排量效率区的潜油电泵占的比例较大,严重影响了油井产量;运行在高排量效率区的潜油电泵虽然占的比例较小,但是能耗损失较大。对于低排量效率油井,应以提高潜油电泵的适应性来提高排量效率,列举了宽流道混流泵在聚合物驱油井的使用情况。对于高排量效率井,应合理选择泵型,保证泵在高效区内工作,从而降低能耗。采用变频技术,可有效增宽泵的高效区,有利于节能降耗,并可保证泵的举升扬程。频率升高,泵的负载功率比电机的输出功率增加得快,对于电机功率余量较小的工频机组,直接采用变频器只可降频调参。     

Time stepping finite element analysis of a variable speed synchronous generator with rectifier

Several applications for renewable energy conversion make use of variable speed generators. A conversion from variable frequency to grid frequency is therefore essential. One part of the converter is a rectifier. A rectifier model is presented, which is integrated in a time stepping finite element simulation environment where the generator and circuit equations are solved simultaneously. The model handles bidirectional alternator speeds as the application is a linear generator for ocean wave energy conversion. The rectifier model is extended with a load model, consisting of R, L and E, and simulations show what impact the rectifier has on the generator’s behaviour.