香蕉秸秆资源化利用的研究进展

对香蕉秸秆在纤维生产、堆肥、饲料、气化和厌氧发酵等方面的利用情况进行了综述,指出了香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵生产沼气是其资源化和能源化利用的途径和潜力。我国香蕉秸秆年产沼气潜力高达4亿m3,其推广和应用将产生巨大的经济、社会和生态效益。     

Impact of organic amendments on aerial biomass production,and phytoavailability and fractionation of copper in a slightly alkaline copper mine tailing

In the process of phytoremediation of mine tailing land, the bioavailability of heavy metals is an important factor. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the availability and uptake of copper (Cu) by maize (Zea mays L.) grown on a slightly alkaline Cu-mine tailing amended with commercial compost and chelators. A second objective was to evaluate the distribution of Cu in cultivated Cu-mine tailings. The experimental design consisted of 12 treatments resulting from the combination of four rates (0, 5, 10 and 20%, by humid weight) of peat moss-shrimp wastes compost and three rates (0, 1.2 and 2.4 dm³) of organic complexing agents applied as a 0.0025 M EDTA + 0.001 M citric acid solution before plant harvest. The results showed that compost and chelators had a positive effect on top biomass production of maize. Compared with the control, the application of compost decreased Cu_CAR and increased Cu_ORG whereas the addition of chelating solution increased Cu_SOL and Cu_EXC and decreased Cu_CAR and Cu_ORG. The Cu lability in cultivated tailing and its availability to the maize plant are highly dependent on the metal speciation in tailing. In another series of experiments, sorption of Cu by cultivated mine tailings were examined. The amounts of Cu sorbed and K _d values were highest in tailing amended with highest compost rate, and were positively correlated with tailing organic matter (OM) content and Cu bound to Cu_ORG. The results indicate that peat moss and shrimp waste containing compost could be used as a phytostabilizer by supplying OM and nutrients and as a sorbent by mitigating Cu uptake by maize. This compost is able to improve the phytoremediation of Cu-mine tailings.     

Effect of using urban compost as manure on soil contents of some nutrients and heavy metals

The effect of adding annual doses of 14 000 kg ha^?1 of urban compost to a soil is compared with the addition of 500 kg ha^?1 of a 15–15–15 compound NPK fertiliser. Two rotation cycles of sorghum/wheat were carried out during the experiment, and the crop yields were not significantly affected by treatments. It is observed that compost added in the proportion used does not cause any statistically significant change in the initial level of available phosphorus in the soil, but causes an increase of the potassium potential. Soil total contents of copper and zinc as well as available levels of both metals show noticeable increases, but other metals are scarcely affected by the addition of compost. The results suggest that larger doses could be an important cause of pollution of the soil with heavy metals.     

造纸污泥堆肥应用中重金属的累积行为

造纸污泥经过交替好氧厌氧堆肥处理后施加到菜园土中,进行了盆栽实验.实验结果表明,造纸污泥堆肥作为农业肥料,可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤的养分含量,有效改良土壤的物理性状:土壤中的重金属在作物中的累积行为呈现不同的规律,但最后均趋于一个极值;重金属生物累积的峰值均低于国家蔬菜重金属含量标准.     

利用酿酒废弃物生产有机肥及肥效研究

该文以泸州老窖股份有限公司产生的污泥和酒糟为原料,研究高温发酵生产有机肥技术及对高粱的肥效。结果表明,污泥、酒糟、腐熟剂按不同比例混合堆肥,历经升温期,高温期和降温期,水分含量持续降低,氮、磷、钾和腐殖酸含量逐渐增加,堆肥物料由黄褐色变为褐色、黑褐色或黑色。其中,酒糟与污泥按2∶1(C∶N≈25∶1,水分质量分数为65%,pH 6.5)混合腐熟最快,肥质最佳,符合NY525—2012有机肥质量标准。50%有机肥与50%的化肥配施(以氮计),高粱产量、籽粒含氮量和植株磷钾吸收量分别比单施等养分的化肥增加12.55%、36.70%、22.22%和29.20%;土壤有效氮,磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性也显著提高。因此,污泥和酒糟适量混合,添加菌剂,经高温发酵生产的有机肥符合国家标准,与化肥适量配施显著增加高粱产量,改善植物营养,提高土壤酶活。     

畜禽粪便堆肥养分释放及其合理施用

本文采用室内培养法和田间埋设玻璃滤纸包法研究了粉状畜禽粪便堆肥和颗粒堆肥的养分释放。结果表明,粉状堆肥经颗粒化处理后,养分释放速度变缓,适合在生长期较长的农作物上施用。在一个生长季中牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪颗粒堆肥N素释放率分别为30～35%,35%～45%和45～55%,但其中60～80%的N素释放主要集中在施用后的前二个月内。     

A new synthetic biofiltration material: poly(vinyl alcohol)/pig manure compost composite beads

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/pig manure compost composite beads proved suitable as a biofilter material in a biofiltration process. The composite bead is a porous spherical particle with a diameter between 2.4 and 6.0 mm and a density of 0.96 g cm^?3. It contains 9.43 mg P g^?1 dry solid and 12.1 mg N g^?1 dry solid. The equilibrium moisture contents of the PVA/compost composite beads bed for adsorption and holding experiments are 50.5% and 54.6% by wet basis, respectively, which correspond to the optimal filter material required and could sustain the biological activity. The PVA/pig manure compost composite beads bed has higher moisture‐holding capacity and compression strength than the pig manure compost bed. The PVA/compost composite beads have buffer capacity and could keep the filter bed at pH 6.9–7.2 during operating. The percentage of ethyl acetate removed could stay at over 99% for 40 days of operation as the PVA/pig manure compost composite beads adsorbed inorganic nitrate nutrient. The maximum elimination capacity of the PVA/pig manure compost composite beads filters at the loading rate of 0.71 kg ethyl acetate m^?3‐bed h^?1 is 0.71 kg ethyl acetate m^?3‐bed h^?1. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

凹凸棒石粘土添加对鸡粪堆肥温度的影响

温度是影响微生物分解堆肥物料中的有机质和堆肥工艺过程的重要因素.通过添加凹凸棒石粘土的鸡粪好氧堆肥试验,结果表明凹凸棒石粘土与鸡粪的质量比为3∶7或4∶6的处理条件下,堆体的升温速度明显高于其他处理,堆体温度维持在50～60℃的时间达到12d,显著长于其他处理.凹凸棒石粘土添加明显提高了鸡粪堆肥的温度,延长了堆体的高温持续时间,改善了腐熟过程,提高了堆肥质量.研究结果对于畜禽粪便的堆肥处理具有生产实践指导意义.