薯类酒精糟液处理及综合利用技术研究

薯类酒精糟液具有浓度高、处理难度大、综合利用效益不明显等特点，因此没有成熟有效的专门技术，PAFT系统集成了先进固液分离技术、两相厌氧技术、多级A／O污水处理技术、高速好氧制肥技术，适应薯类酒精糟液特点，提供了一种良好而有效的治理选择。     

Compost bedded pack dairy barn management,performance, and producer satisfaction

The objective of the research was to characterize herd performance, producer satisfaction and recommendations, and management practices used by compost bedded pack (CBP) managers in Kentucky (42 farms and 47 CBP facilities). Farms were visited between October 2010 and March 2011. A random selection of cows housed solely in the CBP were scored for locomotion and hygiene. Changes in monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association performance records, including milk production, SCC, reproductive performance, and daily bulk-tank somatic cell count after moving into the CBP were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS 9.3; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The GLM procedure of SAS (SAS 9.3) was used to develop models to describe CBP moisture, CBP temperature at 20.3 cm, and mean herd hygiene. Producers provided 9.0 ± 2.2 m² of pack space per cow (n = 44). Barns constructed with an attached feed alley cost $1,051 ± 407 per cow (n = 40). Barns constructed without an attached feed alley cost $493 ± 196 per cow (n = 13). Kiln-dried shavings required 0.05 ± 0.04 m³ of bedding per cow per day (n = 15). Green shavings required 0.07 ± 0.06 m³ of bedding per cow per day (n = 12). The most-frequently cited benefits of the CBP included cow comfort (n = 28), cow cleanliness (n = 14), and the low-maintenance nature of the system (n = 10). Increased stirring frequency, stirring depth, and ambient temperature increased pack temperature, measured at 20.3 cm below the CBP surface. Increased stirring depth, pasture-adjusted space per cow, and drying rate decreased CBP moisture. Mean herd locomotion and hygiene scores were 1.5 ± 0.3 (n = 34) and 2.2 ± 0.4 (n = 34), respectively. Increased 20.3-cm depth CBP temperature and ambient temperatures improved mean herd hygiene. Bulk-tank somatic cell count decreased from the year before to the year after moving into the CBP barn (323,692 ± 7,301 vs. 252,859 ± 7,112 cells/mL, respectively) for farms using the CBP barn as the primary housing facility (n = 9). Daily milk production, collected from monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association tests, increased from before moving into the CBP barn to the second year after (29.3 ± 0.3 vs. 30.7 ± 0.3 kg, respectively) for farms using the CBP barn as the primary housing facility (n = 8). Calving interval decreased from the year before to the second year after (14.3 ± 0.1 vs. 13.7 ± 0.1 mo) moving into the CBP barn for farms using the CBP as primary housing (n = 8).     

Bio- and Photo-degradation of Natural Fiber Reinforced Starch-based Biocomposites

Biocomposites of starch and natural fibers were produced by compression molding. Potato, sweet potato, and corn starch were used as matrices of the biocomposites. Natural fibers including jute, sisal, and cabuya were used as discrete reinforcement. Water, glycerol, glycols, and a chitosan solution were used as plasticizers. Biodegradation was studied using both a compost chamber and a spore solution in an agar-based culture medium. Weight loss was recorded at specific time intervals for the tests of biodegradation in a compost chamber. Microscopical analysis was used to assess biodegradation in agar medium. Photodegradation was studied in a UV degradation chamber. Weight loss was also recorded at specific time intervals. All the biocomposites displayed similar degradation patterns under compost. During the first seven days a marked water absorption tendency was dominant in the weight variation curves. After that period, weight loss became more evident. In the case of UV degradation, a large part of the recorded weight loss was due to a drying effect due to IR radiation and took place mainly during the first seven days. This was taken into account in order to determine the net effect of UV degradation on weight loss.     

Influence of catalyst and temperature on gasification performance of pig compost for hydrogen-rich gas production

The catalytic steam gasification of pig compost (PC) for hydrogen-rich gas production was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. The influence of the catalyst and reactor temperature on yield and product composition was studied at the temperature range of 700–850 °C, for weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) in the range of 0.30–0.60 h⁻¹. The results indicate that the developed NiO on modified dolomite (NiO/MD) catalyst reveals better catalytic performance on the tar elimination and hydrogen yield than calcined MD or NiO/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. Meanwhile, the lower WHSV and higher reactor temperature can contribute to more hydrogen production and gas yield. Moreover, the char from catalytic steam gasification of PC has a highest ash content of 75.84% at 850 °C. In conclusion, pig compost is a potential candidate for hydrogen gas production through catalytic steam gasification technology.     

绿化植物废弃物堆肥场地建设剖析

针对我国绿化植物废弃物堆肥场地存在的问题,参考了国内外在绿化植物废弃物处置场地建设方面的先进经验和典型案例.分别从绿化植物废弃物的处理量、地形、水文、运输、居民、机械等影响要素,剖析了绿化植物废弃物堆肥场地的选址、位置、规模、硬件、机械配置、环境卫生和安全管理等建设过程中需要遵循的基本要求,旨在为我国城市绿化植物废弃物资源化利用提供参考,为提高我国绿化植物废弃物堆肥场地规模化和标准化水平提供依据.     

Biodegradation of genetically modified seeds and plant tissues during composting

BACKGROUND: The increasing global market of genetically modified (GM) crops amplifies the potential for unintentional contamination of food and feed with GM plants. Methods proposed for disposal of crop residues should be assessed to prevent unintended distribution of GM materials. Composting of organic material is inexpensive and location‐independent. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of composting for disposal of GM plants in terms of reducing seed viability and promoting the degradation of endogenous as well as transgenic DNA. RESULTS: Duplicate samples of corn kernels, alfalfa leaves, and GM canola seeds, meal and pellets were sealed in porous nylon bags and implanted in duplicate 85 000 kg (initial weight) feedlot manure compost piles. Samples were collected at intervals over 230 days of composing. Canola seeds and corn kernels were not viable after 14 days of composting with temperatures in the piles exceeding 50 °C. In all samples, PCR analyses revealed that plant endogenous and transgenic fragments were substantially degraded after 230 days of composting. Southern blotting of genomic DNA isolated from canola seeds identified differences in the persistence of endogenous, transgenic, and bacterial DNA. CONCLUSION: Composting GM and non‐GM plant materials with manure rendered seeds non‐viable, and resulted in substantial, although not complete, degradation of endogenous and transgenic plant DNA. This study demonstrates that composting could be effective for disposing of GM crops in the event of their inadvertent entry into the food or feed chain. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

花生壳作为调理剂在城市污泥堆肥中的应用

研究不同类型调理剂与污泥在堆肥过程中温度、pH值、氨氮、总磷、含水率、有机质等物质的变化特征,结果表明:花生壳具有良好的污泥堆肥调理效果,好氧堆肥使污泥达到无害化和稳定化,当花生壳添加量为20%左右时,堆肥升温较快,全磷含量高,氨氮损失小。     

堆肥过程中的微生物研究

堆肥是由群落结构演替非常迅速的多个微生物群体共同作用而实现固体废物无害化的动态过程。作者通过分析相关研究结果,在文章介绍了开发和研究微生物堆肥的一些微观过程。微生物群落演替,在降解有机材料中对微生物的选择和应用,堆肥微生物研究方向中微生物的应用被用来研究堆肥中的微生物。得出结论是,在研究堆肥中微生物时应把重点放在分子生物学方法的利用和能降解多种有机材料的高效率的,复杂的和稳定的微生物群落。微生物群落应在构建系微生物的基础上提高其适应复杂条件的能力以求达到群落优势度。     

Dynamics of physicochemical and biological parameters during the co‐composting of chestnut burr/leaf litter with solid poultry manure

Dynamic parameters of the transformation of chestnut burr/leaf litter with solid poultry manure (ratio 1:3) into a fertiliser using a co‐composting process are reported in this work. Determinations of temperature, granulometric composition, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, nitrogen content and available potassium and phosphorus as well as biological germination tests on ryegrass (Lolium perenne), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds were performed. The loss of organic matter was only 6.27% (w/w dry weight) and the available potassium changed from 2820 to 3265 mg kg^?1 in the co‐compost studied. Germination tests showed that the co‐compost was mature in 103 days. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biodegradability Evaluation of Polymers by ISO 14855-2

Biodegradabilities of polymers and their composites in a controlled compost were described. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were employed as biodegradable polymers. Biodegradabilities of PCL and PLA samples in a controlled compost were measured using a Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyzer (MODA) according to ISO 14855-2. Sample preparation method for biodegradation test according to ISO/DIS 10210 was also described. Effects of sizes and shapes of samples on biodegradability were studied. Reproducibility of biodegradation test of ISO 14855-2 by MODA was confirmed. Validity of sample preparation method for polymer pellets, polymer film, and polymer products of ISO/DIS 10210 for ISO 14855-2 was confirmed.