Faecal indicator organism concentrations and catchment export coefficients in the UK

Characterisation of faecal indicator organism (FIO) concentrations and export coefficients for catchments with particular combinations of land use and under specific climatic regimes is critical in developing models to predict daily loads and apportion sources of the microbial parameters used to regulate water quality. Accordingly, this paper presents a synthesis of FIO concentration and export coefficient data for the summer bathing season, with some comparative winter data, for 205 river/stream sampling points widely distributed across mainland UK. In terms of both geometric mean (GM) FIO concentrations and export coefficients (expressed as cfu km(-2) h(-1)), the results reveal (1) statistically significant elevations at high flow compared with base flow, with concentrations typically increasing by more than an order of magnitude and export coefficients by about two orders; (2) significantly higher values in summer than in winter under high-flow conditions; and (3) extremely wide variability between the catchments (e.g. four orders of magnitude range for GM faecal coliform concentrations), which closely reflects land use-with urban areas and improved pastures identified as key FIO sources. Generally, these two most polluting land uses are concentrated in lowland areas where runoff (m3 km(-2) h(-1)) is low compared with upland areas, which in the UK are dominated by rough grazing and forestry. Consequently, contrasts in export coefficients between land use types are less than for FIO concentrations. The GMs reported for most land use categories are based on 13 sites and exhibit quite narrow confidence intervals. They may therefore be applied with some confidence to other catchments in the UK and similar geographical regions elsewhere. Examples are presented to illustrate how the results can be used to estimate daily summer base- and high-flow FIO loads for catchments with different land use types, and to assess the likely effectiveness of certain strategies for reducing FIO pollutant loadings in areas with extensive areas of lowland improved pasture.     

Nonparametric independent component analysis for detecting pressure fluctuation induced by roof corner vortex

The Nonparametric Independent Component Analysis (NICA) method is introduced to detect/infer the presence of roof corner vortex from experimentally measured wind pressure data. Different from the widely recognized Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method, which decomposes orthogonal pressure modes from the measurement, the NICA method is to separate the statistically independent pressure components/modes from the pressure data. Assuming that the measured wind pressures are caused by mixed wind flow phenomena, this paper attempts to decompose these independent flow induced pressure modes from the measured wind pressure data. Application of the NICA method to wind pressure data collected on the Texas Tech University (TTU) laboratory building justifies that the NICA method successfully separates/extracts from collected wind pressure data the pressure mode that is highly correlated with roof corner vortex. The corresponding time series coefficient of this mode is indicative of the presence of roof corner vortex.     

住宅用地板辐射供冷系统的实验分析

针对夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,分别从室内温度场、湿度场、风速场以及地板换热等出发,比较了住宅用冷却地板单独供冷、风机盘管单独供冷及两者联合运行三种供冷方式。结果显示,冷却地板与风机盘管联合运行可以满足夏季供冷要求,而且克服了冷却地板易结露的缺陷,具有良好的舒适性和节能性。     

宿州地区气候潮湿强度指标特征研究

本文采用典型气象年法,以近30年(1989~2018年)逐时气象参数为计算依据,分析研究了宿州地区空气潮湿程度年分布特征与变化规律。以典型气象年自然通风工况下建筑围护结构内表面结露为判定特征指标,定义了结露温度基数。当室外逐日干球温度与露点温度的差值低于结露温度基数时,其差值倒数的累加值为潮湿强度值。研究表明宿州地区全年潮湿程度呈现季节性变化,夏季气候潮湿强度出现极大值达到15.31 d/℃,全年占比35%,潮湿程度出现最大38天。冬季出现极小值7.84 d/℃,全年占比18%,潮湿程度出现最小18天。各月中7月潮湿强度值最大,2月最小。全年潮湿强度值达到43.35 d/℃,潮湿程度出现98天。自然气象年中与前20年比较近10年潮湿强度均值下降16%,表明宿州地区气候有偏干燥的趋势。     

应力波斜入射黏弹性节理的传播规律

应力波在岩体中传播规律的研究是岩石动力学的重要课题之一。基于应力和位移皆不连续的假定,针对充填节理的黏弹性特性,建立P波和S波斜入射单个充填节理的频域形式的透反射系数方程组。通过数值计算和参数分析,进而讨论入射角、入射波频率以及节理刚度等参数对应力波斜入射充填节理透反射规律的影响,而入射波参数和充填节理动态特性参数的合理选取是确定透反射系数的关键。     

热回收在某医院中央空调系统中的节能应用

在普通螺杆式冷水机组中增加一个热交换器,将其改造成热回收螺杆式冷水机组,实现热能的回收利用,从而减少空调的能源消耗。     

低碱硫铝酸盐水泥水化硬化历程调控及其微结构分析

采用缓凝组分硼砂对低碱硫铝酸盐水泥颗粒实施有效包裹,解决了水化凝结速度过快的难题,引入水分子和较小的离子缓慢渗透通过硼酸钙包裹层模型,并结合降低硼酸钙包裹层外液相浓度机制,建立了先缓凝后早强模型。研究了硼砂、锂化合物对低碱硫铝酸盐水泥凝结时间、水化历程、力学性能及微观结构的影响。试验结果表明,可通过控制硼砂和锂化合物的掺量实现低碱硫铝酸盐水泥水化硬化历程的调控;硼砂仅降低了水化产物的生成速率,锂化合物仅提高了水化产物的生成速率,两者对水化产物种类无影响;硼砂和锂化合物的复合使用能降低总孔隙率和平均孔径,能明显优化硬化浆体微结构。     

云冈石窟水汽转化特征的初步研究

水汽的凝结是云冈石窟壁面水分的来源之一。研究水汽转化特征和石窟山体的水汽环境变化特征,对石窟文物的保护具有重要意义。本文阐述了水汽转化的基本原理,并针对石窟环境提出了凝结水的观测方法。通过在5号和9号洞窟布置监测系统,配合凝结水的观测,发现在夏季7、8月份云冈石窟内室存在水汽凝结的条件,单个凝结期可以持续数小时乃至数日。凝结期吸湿速率比非凝结期大0.017～0.054mm/h。窟内水汽环境变化与山体水汽环境的变化存在着相互作用。钻孔监测表明山体包气带基本处于水汽饱和状态,深部气温稳定在9～10℃之间,存在驱动空气对流的气压梯度。     

云冈石窟建造特征与水患的关系

防治水患是云冈石窟文物保护的重要措施,而水患的形成与石窟文物本身的建造特征具有很大的关系。云冈石窟依据古代风水理论进行选址规划,使其必然受到多种水源的侵袭。洞窟与入渗水、凝结水和地下水相互作用的特征取决于石窟的结构形式、规模、配套建筑物和石雕的造型工艺。采用修建窟檐和室内空气除湿的办法,可以提高窟内水汽环境的稳定性,减少凝结水和冻结过程产生的风化损害。