Study of δ-hydrides in Ti-2Al-2.5Zr and Ti-4Al-2V alloys

The α alloy Ti-2Al-2.5Zr and near α alloy Ti-4Al-2V were hydrogenated to various levels. The morphology,orientation relation (OR), and habit plane of the hydrides were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that in the two alloys most of the precipitates are δ-hydrides which have fcc structure with the lattice parameter a = 0.44 nm. Two basic orientation relationships and habit planes of the precipitates are determined. Twin structure was observed in both alloys.     

工业纯铝高温流变行为的实验研究

为了深入了解连续铸轧这一融合了“铸造”和“轧制”两个工艺过程条件下的流变行为与简单铸造+热加工(热轧)组合条件下流变行为的差异,在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对铸造工业纯铝高温压缩流变行为及其影响因素进行了系列的模拟实验研究,得到了不同变形条件下铸造工业纯铝高温压缩成形过程中的流变曲线;通过多元线性回归分析得到了其应力-应变本构方程;并与铸轧过程物理模拟实验研究的结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:在相同变形条件下铸造工业纯铝高温压缩变形流变应力小于铸轧过程的流变应力,且随着应变速率的增大,它们之间的差值更大。     

简论变速压力机行程功之间的相互关系

介绍了机械压力机连续行程功与单次行程功的概念，简述了变速压力机的优点及其影响行程功的各种因素，分析了变速压力机连续行程功与连续行程次数之间、单次行程功与连续行程功之间的内在关系，并推导出它们之间关系的计算公式和计算结果。     

7075铝合金高温流变行为的研究

采用圆柱试样在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行高温压缩变形实验，研究了7075铝合金在高温塑性变形过程中流变应力的变化规律。实验在温度为250－500℃、应变速率为0．05－50s^-1的条件下进行。结果表明：应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈影响着合金流变应力的大小，流变应力随变形温度升高而降低，随就变速率提高而增大，可用ZenerHollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述7075铝合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为。     

基于CuZnAl形状记忆合金的框架结构抗震减振控制

利用形状记忆合金的本构关系,分析了在自由应力状态下的残余应变与温度的关系.使用动态数据采集分析仪,测试了安装CuZnAl形状记忆合金耗能器的框架结构的减振性能;应用电子万能拉伸试验机测试了CuZnAl形状记忆合金的应力-应变滞回曲线,借助透射电子显微镜,分析了CuZnAl形状记忆合金在热机械循环过程中显微组织的变化;比较了不同热处理工艺对CuZnAl形状记忆合金热机械循环后的滞回曲线面积及减振性能的影响.结果表明:CuZnAl形状记忆合金用于框架结构具有较好的减振效果,可明显降低框架结构的振动频率,其中马氏体CuZnAl形状记忆合金耗能器具有较大的耗能能力,经室温水淬时效7 h处理后减振效果最好.     

TiN附着膜的应力-应变关系

利用等离子体辅助化学气相沉积法(PACVD)在60Mn钢基片上沉积2．5μm厚的TiN膜．借助X射线应力分析技术和微拉伸设备，测量该附着膜纵向(加载方向)应力和横向应力及外载应变，进而求其等效应力-等效单轴应变关系，并由此算得它的条件屈服点σ0．1和σ0．2分别为4．2和4．4GPa，加工硬化指数为0．36．用纳米压痕仪测得其硬度为25GPa，弹性模量为420GPa．TiN膜在拉伸过程中发生了塑性变形．     

MODELLING OF P/M FORMING PROCESSES BY FEM

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Cold forming processes: some examples of predictions and design optimization using numerical simulations

Predicting the behaviour of steel during a deformation process, and then under service conditions, is one of the main challenges in cold forming. The design of optimized forging schedules, by means of classical trial+errors procedures, has become increasingly heavy in terms of time and cost in a competitive environment. Simultaneously, the improvement of steel qualities requires the microstructure, constitutive behaviour and deformability to be known a priori regarding a targeted application. During the last few years, numerical simulations have become a very efficient tool to reach these goals.

In this paper, we give examples of innovating forging sequences developed by numerical simulations, including the investigation of damage in tools and forged parts. In case of specific processes with very determined geometry — such as wire drawing — we show how systematic numerical studies may lead to predictive models of force, local strains and residual stress…

However, reliable predictions from numerical simulations require reliable input data, including constitutive laws, friction conditions and propensity to ductile damage. These data must be characterized under realistic sollicitations. Typical cold forging loadings are indeed very severe: local strains up to 600%, strain rates locally greater than 1000 s⁻¹, and subsequently, plastic heating over 500°C.

To characterize the constitutive behaviour, the standard upset test between grooved dies is used along with an original methodology to derive the strain hardening curve from the experimental force-displacement recording. Tool elastic deformations, specimen strain heterogeneity… are taken into account. This enables a precise determination of the strain hardening curve up to about 100% of strain. The extrapolation of the flow stress to greater deformations is then very easy and reliable. Such a test can be performed under quasi-static and isothermal conditions (0.1 s⁻¹ but also adiabatic and rapid conditions (up to 10 s⁻¹). This procedure was adapted to a Pellini hammer, which enables very simple characterization at 800 s⁻¹. The comparison of all these flow curves lead to the formulation of an original constitutive model, which accounts for the effects of plastic heating, strain rate, dynamic aging…

In order to predict ductile fracture during the forging process, the most classical criteria were tested over a wide range of experimental loading conditions. None of them were general enough to solve all the cold forming problems. On the other hand, mesoscopic models describing the deformation of the metal matrix around inclusions or second phases have proved to be in good agreement with the various experimental observations. An original plasticity criterium, based on the recent works in porous plasticity theory, has been developed and already displays promising capabilities. Simple experimental procedures enable a reliable classification of steel qualities, heat treatments… in term of forgeability.

Finally, the friction problem is treated using different methodologies based on the forming process considered. For forging operations, a fine analysis of the force-displacement curves in direct extrusion stages may lead to a precise measurement of the friction coefficient under pressures from about 200 MPa up to 1000 MPa and for sliding rates between 1 and 100 mm/s. For wire drawing process, a model relying on an analytical approach using a significantly improved slice method has been developed: the comparison of the experimental drawing force and the predicted one gives the friction coefficient in industrial processing conditions (speed up to 5 m/s).     

关注疲劳再评表面纳米化

前文《追溯历史评表面形变纳米化》指出变形的细化结构早在20世纪七八十年代已有研究，21世纪初的纳米晶仅冠以新潮名称。文中从测定方法进一步说明一种结构两个名称的原因。位错胞以错角为参数，纳米晶只强调大小未涉及错角，两者的尺度属同一数量级。近年用滚压加大错角，虽实现纳米晶，却是将30年前的磨损表面当作强化。比较大小和错角对性能的影响，表面纳米化以H-P关系为准则，认为细化晶粒可以提高强度。这个关系是统计工厂中日用材料所得，属经验规律，并无理论依据。近年试验表明形变层位错胞大小对力学性能影响不大，错角却起关键作用。H-P关系不能用于形变层结构，表面纳米化的理论依据不成立。
喷丸的主要贡献是提高疲劳强度，公认残余压应力起主导作用。表面纳米化认为结构细化，屈服强度提高，相应延缓疲劳裂纹萌生，提高了疲劳强度。却没有试验证实此机理的正确性。实际上，获得纳米化的强喷丸表面伴随有裂纹，不存在裂纹萌生阶段。文中展示了喷丸强度和出现微裂纹几率的关系。明确强变形表面属裂纹体，应该用断裂力学而非经典力学的连续体处理。介绍表面形变各影响因素对疲劳裂纹扩展作用的试验，结果表明残余压应力仍是提高疲劳性能的主导因素。追求纳米化的加工硬化，牺牲塑性换取强度，导致裂纹扩展加速，对疲劳有害无益。     

Constitutive model of rock under static-dynamic coupling loading and experimental investigation

1 Introduction Rock fragmentation, boring, explosive, rockburst etc in engineering domain of mineral are almost concerned with cracking of rock experiencing dynamic loading, and a plenty of results have been obtained[1]. But the related studies are almos…