Dynamic stress analysis for fatigue damage prognosis of long-span bridges

For fatigue damage prognosis of a long-span steel bridge, the dynamic stress analysis of critical structural components of the bridge under the future dynamic vehicle loading is essential. This paper thus presents a framework of dynamic stress analysis for fatigue damage prognosis of long-span steel bridges under the future dynamic vehicle loading. The multi-scale finite element (FE) model of the bridge is first developed using shell/plate elements to simulate the critical structural components (local models) and using beam/truss elements to simulate the rest part of the bridge (global model). With the appropriate coupling of the global and local models, the multi-scale FE model can accurately capture simultaneously not only the global behavior in terms of displacement and acceleration but also the local behavior in terms of stress and strain. A vehicle traffic load model is then developed for forecasting the future vehicle loading based on the recorded weigh-in-motion (WIM) data and using the agent-based traffic flow microsimulation. The forecasted future vehicle loading is finally applied on the multi-scale model of a real long-span cable-stayed bridge for dynamic stress analysis and fatigue damage prognosis. The obtained results show that the proposed framework is effective and accurate for dynamic stress analysis and fatigue damage prognosis.     

An efficient approach for traffic load modelling of long span bridges

Traffic micro-simulation is the newly developed approach for loading calculation of long span bridges. The approach is quite precise, but computationally expensive to consider the full extent of traffic loading scenarios during a bridge lifetime. To address this shortfall, an efficient multi-scale traffic modelling approach is proposed. The proposed approach uses micro- and macro-simulation with different load model varieties (LMVs), or fidelities (levels of detail) of traffic loading in different bridge regions, to achieve optimal computation efficiency while maintaining the precision of loading calculation. Metrics of influence line (IL) characteristics, such as degree of nonlinearity, are proposed to evaluate the appropriateness of the choice of LMV, and standards of the metrics are also investigated to quantify the implementation of LMVs on bridge IL regions in the multi-scale modelling. Finally, two typical ILs are used along with random traffic modelling to study the feasibility of the proposed approach. It is shown that the multi-scale modelling approach proposed here achieves high computational efficiency and accuracy, which is significant for the massive traffic load simulation for lifetime bridge load effect analysis.     

3D reconstruction of existing concrete bridges using optical methods

Routine bridge inspections usually consist of visual observations. These inspections are time-consuming and subjective. There is a need to identify new inspection techniques for infrastructure that reduce traffic disturbance, and improve the efficiency and reliability of the acquired data. This study compared the performance of three different imaging technologies for the three-dimensional (3D) geometric modeling of existing structures: terrestrial laser scanning, close-range photogrammetry, and infrared scanning. Each technology was used to assess six existing concrete railway bridges. The technologies were compared in terms of geometric deviations, visualization capabilities, the level of the inspector’s experience, and degree of automation. The results suggest that all methods investigated can be used to create 3D models, however, with different level of completeness. Measurements such as span length, deck widths, etc. can be extracted with good accuracy. Although promising, a full off-site inspection is currently not feasible as some areas of the bridges were difficult to capture mainly due to restricted access and narrow spaces. Measurements based on terrestrial laser scanning were closer to the reality compared to photogrammetry and infrared scanning. The study indicates the no special training is needed for photogrammetry and infrared scanning to generate a 3D geometric model.     

既有交通线路贯穿基坑的设计技术研究

为既有地铁隧道、市政道路所贯穿的基坑工程是设计行业亟待解决的工程难题,依托广州市珠江新城地下空间金穗路北区建设项目基坑工程,总结了几点设计关键技术:(1) 下穿基坑的地铁隧道采用密排挖孔桩+密肋梁的门式框架结构约束隧道变形,结合时空效应合理安排施工顺序,保证隧道在基坑施工期间正常运营;(2) 下穿基坑的地铁隧道与基坑边线交接部处理应灵活使用各种支护形式;(3) 市政道路横跨基坑时,基坑采用内支撑支护体系,内支撑下方土体正常开挖,同时在内支撑上覆钢便桥保证道路正常通行,并利用钢便桥作为管线原位保护的悬吊结构;(4) 综合运用岩土、结构、隧道、道路等专业知识,采用灵活的支护形式,实现基坑施工期间交通线路正常运行。     

倾斜可液化场地中矩形闭合型地下连续墙桥梁基础动力特性研究

矩形闭合型地下连续墙作为一种新型桥梁基础,在倾斜可液化场地中的动力响应特性还不清楚。基于离心机振动台试验结果,研究在倾斜可液化场地中的不同地震动工况下,矩形闭合型地下连续墙桥梁基础抵抗土体液化的性能及其位移(沉降、转角和水平位移)特征。通过对比在三种地震动(小震峰值为0.05g、中震峰值为0.13g、大震峰值为0.50g)作用下,远场土体与墙内土芯的动力响应特征,证实了矩形闭合型地下连续墙基础的抗液化性能。综合分析在3种地震动工况下,矩形闭合型地下连续墙基础的位移特征,讨论了其在倾斜可液化场地中作为桥梁基础的优劣性;分析发现在中震工况下,在可液化场地中矩形闭合型地下连续墙基础作为桥梁基础的性能最为显著。此外,通过对比有、无承台的两组矩形闭合型地下连续墙基础的位移特征,分析了矩形闭合型地下连续墙基础顶部承台的作用。     

基于可调姿态气动翼板的大跨度#br# 悬索桥颤振主动抑振方法

针对传统被动气动措施难以满足超大跨度悬索桥颤振设防需求的问题,提出一种基于可调姿态气动翼板的颤振主动抑振方法。该方法首先基于Roger颤振自激力时域模型建立主梁 翼板动力系统的状态空间表达,并通过系统重构优化使该表达能更加合理、有效地反应翼板姿态调节机制。此后通过引入基于主梁 翼板系统振幅控制权重的线性二次型指标,建立从桥梁振动状态监测到翼板姿态控制的颤振稳定性实时调节方法。为验证该方法的有效性和鲁棒性,研发针对桥梁节段模型风洞试验的反馈控制系统。研究发现,作用于两侧翼板上的反相气动升力在翼板间距的放大作用下形成的力偶是颤振控制力的主要成分,当迎风侧翼板振动相位滞后于主梁扭转振动约90°、背风侧翼板振动相位超前于主梁扭转振动约90°时有最优抑振效果;调节主梁控制权重至翼板控制权重的2倍时,可以提高颤振临界风速33%。     

正交异性钢桥面板结构体系的疲劳破坏模式和抗力评估

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳问题属于包含多疲劳破坏模式的结构体系疲劳问题。基于这一本质特性,以典型的正交异性钢桥面板结构体系为研究对象,由结构体系的主导疲劳破坏模式出发,提出正交异性钢桥面板结构体系疲劳抗力评估的新方法。以纵肋与顶板焊接细节和纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节为主要研究对象,设计8个足尺节段模型,主要包括传统纵肋与顶板焊接细节、新型镦边纵肋与顶板焊接细节和纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节,通过模型试验研究了两类重要构造细节的主导疲劳破坏模式和实际疲劳抗力,在此基础上结合切口应力评估方法探讨正交异性钢桥面板构造细节切口应力S-N曲线方程、结构体系的主导疲劳破坏模式等关键问题。研究结果表明：传统纵肋与顶板焊接细节和新型镦边纵肋与顶板焊接细节的主导疲劳破坏模式均为疲劳裂纹萌生于焊根并沿顶板厚度方向扩展,二者的实际疲劳抗力基本相同;纵肋与横隔板交叉构造细节的疲劳破坏模式为焊趾开裂沿纵肋腹板方向扩展;对于研究对象而言,萌生于纵肋与顶板焊接细节焊根并沿顶板厚度方向扩展的疲劳破坏模式为控制结构体系疲劳抗力的主导疲劳破坏模式。     

桥梁工程：科学、技术和工程

桥梁工程学科包括科学研究、技术发开和工程建造。桥梁科学研究的最高目标是科学发现,发现客观存在的规律和问题必须站在前沿,近3年研判出的5项研究前沿和五项开发前沿值得思考;桥梁技术开发的最高目标是技术创新,创新主观需要的工具或方法,必须旨在增值,二次大战后60年以3项桥梁核心技术为代表的60项创新技术发挥了重要作用;桥梁工程建造的最高目标是工程创造,创造客观没有的结构或构件,这必须存在需求,新世纪20项IABSE杰出结构奖造就了18项工程创造和17项技术创新。桥梁工程的未来必然朝着长寿命、特大跨、超深水、多灾害、全信息和可持续等方向发展。     

铁素体珠光体型非调质钢连续冷却转变的研究

采用DIL805L淬火相变膨胀仪研究了铁素体珠光体型非调质钢的连续冷却相变组织变化规律,分析了冷却速率和合金元素对相变组织、显微硬度和CCT曲线的影响。结果表明,Mo有助于获得针状铁素体组织,进而提高韧性,Mn与微合金元素V有助于提高钢的综合力学性能;冷速增大至0.5 ℃/s时,开始出现针状铁素体;冷速小于1 ℃/s时,获得完全的铁素体+珠光体组织;随着冷速的增大,钢的硬度不断增大。     

热轧粗轧镰刀弯控制技术研究和应用

针对热轧粗轧镰刀弯过大的问题,北京首钢股份有限公司一热轧厂通过采用“四线合一”轧制策略,提高设备功能精度,开发粗轧工作辊NCR辊型和粗轧板坯镰刀弯动态调平技术,大幅提高了粗轧机镰刀弯控制水平。