炼油化工装置技术改造的决策与实施

针对炼油和石化工业装置技术改造的特点，系统地总结了技术改造的类型和改造方案的制定、决策及实施的原则、程序和方法，指出对炼化装置实施技术改造是一项极其复杂、极具难度的系统工程，必须结合实际情况，以投资回报最大化为原则，通过深入细致地研究和反复比选优化改造方案，并结合现场情况制定切实、可靠、安全的实施方案。     

Partner violence before and after individually based alcoholism treatment for male alcoholic patients.

This study examined partner violence in the year before and the year after individually based, outpatient alcoholism treatment for 301 married or cohabiting male alcoholic patients and used a demographically matched nonalcoholic comparison sample. In the year before treatment, 56% of the alcoholic patients had been violent toward their female partner, 4 times the rate of 14% in the comparison sample. In the year after treatment, violence decreased significantly to 25% of the alcoholic sample but remained higher than in the comparison group. Among remitted alcoholics after treatment, violence prevalence of 15% was nearly identical to the comparison sample and half the rate among relapsed patients (32%). Thus, partner violence decreased after alcoholism treatment, and clinically significant violence reductions occurred for patients whose alcoholism was remitted after treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

运用网络仪表实现变电站的无人值班

实现变电站的无人值班有很多方式,其中一种行之有效的方式是运用"网络仪表",文中从无人值班技术的要求、内容、远动装置技术的发展以及怎样用网络仪表实现变电站无人值班作了详细的论述,并最终得出结论:使用网络仪表是实现变电站无人值班改造的最经济、适用的方法。     

In situ polymerization and characterization of polyester‐based polyurethane/nano‐silica composites

Polyester‐based polyurethane/nano‐silica composites were obtained via in situ polymerization and investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), or FTIR coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), an Instron testing machine, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry (UV‐vis). FTIR analysis showed that in situ polymerization provoked some chemical reactions between polyester molecules and nano‐silica particles. FTIR‐ATR, TEM and AFM analyses showed that both surface and interface contained nano‐silica particles. Instron testing and DMA data showed that introducing nano‐silica particles into polyurethane enhanced the hardness, glass temperature and adhesion strength of polyurethane to the substrate, but also increased the resin viscosity. UV‐vis spectrophotometry showed that nano‐silica obtained by the fumed method did not shield UV radiation in polyurethane films. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

硅表面上的纳米量子点的自组织生长

纳米半导体量子点以其所具有的新颖光电性质与输运特性正在受到人们普遍重视。作为制备高质量纳米量子点的工艺技术 ,自组织生长方法倍受材料物理学家的青睐。而如何制备尺寸大小与密度分布可控的纳米量子点更为人们所注目。因为这是关系到纳米量子点最终能否器件实用化的关键。文中以此为主线 ,着重介绍了各种 Si表面 ,如常规表面、氧化表面、台阶表面以及吸附表面上 ,不同纳米量子点的自组织生长及其形成机理 ,并展望了其未来发展前景     

VOD在有线电视网的实现

从视频点播系统的结构及组成和在有线电视网络中VOD系统的结构模式与应用两个方面，详细地阐述了如何利用有线电视网络实现视频点播，主要从以下3个方面介绍关于视频点播系统VOD技术：①视频点播VOD的技术原理；②视频点播系统的结构及组成；③有线电视视频点播系统的结构模式与应用。     

ADSL MODEM 远程管理方案浅析

阐述了ADSLMODEM远程管理的意义及应遵循的原则，并对远程管理的方案作了简要阐述，最后比较分析了不同方案的优缺点。     

关于我国资源保障能力的若干思考

资源保障能力是一国综合国力判断的重要指标之一。本文首先界定了资源保障能力的涵义，然后分析了五个对资源保障能力比较重要的影响因素，即资源禀赋、经济发展水平、科学技术因素、政治因素和人们的资源观，最后得出几点我国提高资源保障能力的建议以供参考。     

Encapsulation of PV modules using ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a pottant: A critical review

The primary purpose of this work is to review the literature about what is and is not known about using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA0 copolymer as the encapsulant (or pottant) material in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Secondary purposes include elucidating the complexity of the encapsulation problem, providing an overview about encapsulation of PV cells and modules, providing a historical overview of the relevant research and development on EVA, summarizing performance losses reported for PV systems deployed since ca. 1981, and summarizing the general problems of polymer stability in a solar environment. We also provide a critical review of aspects of reported work for cases that we believe are important.Failure modes resolved in the early work to establish reliability of deployed modules and the purposes and properties of pottants, are summarized. Typical performance losses in large field-deployed, large-scale systems ranging from 1% to 10% per year are given quantitatively, and qualitative reports of EVA discoloration are summarized with respect to ultraviolet (UV), world-wide location and site dependence.The general stability of polymers and their desirable bulk properties for solar utilization are given. The stabilization formulation for EVA, its effectiveness, and changes in it during degradation are discussed. The degradation mechanisms for the base resin, e.g., unstabilized Elvax 150^TM, and stabilized EVA are indicated for literature dating to the early 1950s, and the role played by unsaturated chromophores is indicated. The limited number of studies relating discoloration and PV cell efficiency are summarized.Observed degradation of EVA or the unstabilized base resin in the laboratory and examples used to measure the degradation are summarized in sections entitled: (1) thermally-induced degradation; (2) photodegradation and photothermal degradation of EVA in different temperature regimes; (3) photobleaching and photodegradation of the UV absorber and cross-linking agent; (4) acetic acid and metal and metal-oxide catalyzed oxidative degradation; and (5) discolaration and PV cell efficiency losses.Processing effects/influences on EVA stability are discussed in sections entitled: (1) EVA raw materials and extruded, uncured films; (2) thermal encapsulation processes; (3) effects of lamination, curing, and curing peroxide on gel content and chromophores formed; and (4) incomplete shielding of curing-generated chromophores. A summary is given for the limited number of accelerated lifetime testing efforts and examples of erroneous service lifetime predictions for EVA are discussed. The known factors that effect the discoloration rate of several EVA formulations are discussed in which the reduction in rate by using UV-absorbing superstrates is a prime example. A summary is given of what is and is not known about EVA degradation mechanisms, degradation from exposures in field-deployed modeules and/or laboratory testing, and factors that contribute to EVA stability or degradation. Finally, conclusions about using Elvax 150 in EVA formulations are summarized, and future prospects for developing the next-generation pottant for encapsulating PV modules are discussed.