消能锥形阀过流状态研究与优化

消能锥形阀是一种用于中、高水头下的消能控流阀门,其内部结构设计的好坏直接影响着控流效果。为探究消能锥形阀在不同开度下,过流流量及内部流场的变化情况。进行了模型试验与CFD数值模拟计算,试验中发现开度从100%关至85%时出现了流量反而上升、进口压力下降的情况。利用CFD数值模拟的方法对内部流场进行了可视化研究。研究结果表明,在全开状态下锥形阀内部存在以下问题:过强的局部高速高压区域、低速流动死区范围过大、涡流区过度影响高速过流部分。并对锥形阀进行了一定的结构改进,优化了其内部流场情况。     

管井和轻型真空井点组合 在某电厂深基坑降水中的应用

以某电厂翻车机室为研究对象, 针对其深基坑降水降深大, 工期紧等特点, 主要介绍了该工程的工程地质及水 文地质条件, 并且运用管井和轻型真空井点组合降水的方法, 设计了基坑降水处理的施工方案, 确定了降水的各个 参数。实践证明, 管井和轻型真空井点组合应用效果良好, 有效保证了工程的顺利进行, 加快了工程进度, 缩短了工 期。结合实例提出了降水过程中应注意的问题及应对措施。     

水位下降条件下西安D7裂缝土体孔隙变化特征试验

为研究压缩性土体在孔隙水压力下降下所引起的孔隙变化特征,选取孔隙度及分形维数作为评判指标,以西安D7地裂缝两侧可压缩性土层为研究对象,借助三维CT扫描成像技术,依托Matlab计算平台及VG Studio Max图像处理软件,对在水位下降过程中可压缩性土体压缩变形引起的孔隙度和分形维数孔隙变化进行定量评价,并探讨了固结压缩过程中土体孔隙分形维数的变化规律及其影响因素。研究表明:孔隙度随压缩进行大幅降低,由压缩前4.36%降至0.61%;土体分形维数与孔隙度、上覆压力均呈线性相关性,相关系数分别为0.947 2和0.966 0;而且分形维数可以很好的表征孔隙分布特点,是孔隙度的有效补充;通过分析土样孔隙度与分形维数关系,为后期建立区域上地裂缝—地下水开采耦合模型提供参数赋值基础。     

Development of high‐definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes

Aqueous photoresists that are capable of higher resolutions than are currently employed by the cathode ray tube (CRT) industry were developed by combining photoactivators, which activate at shorter UV wavelengths with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Two photoactivators were synthesized: 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐biphenyl disodium disulfonate (DABP), which has a maximum absorbance at 264 nm, and 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐biphenylethane disodium disulfonate (DABPE), which has a maximum absorbance at 258 nm. The PVP/DABP and PVP/DABPE photoresists successfully imaged a pattern with resolution as small as 4.4 μm with photoactivator concentrations greater than 20% of the PVP concentration. Addition of silane and emulgen greatly improved the performance of the photoresists with more uniform coatings of thicknesses of up to 1.4 μm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1637–1644, 2006     

A holistic approach to protein structure alignment

A method of protein structure comparison developed previouslyis extended to incorporate other aspects of protein structurein addition to the inter-atomic vectors on which it was originallybased. Each additional aspect, which included hydrogen bonding,solvent exposure, torsional angles and sequence, was introducedseparately and evaluated for its ability to improve alignmentquality. The components were then combined, suitably weighted,to produce a more holistic comparison method. The method wastested on a group of remotely related ß/ type proteinsthat share a common feature in their overall chain fold. Theresults indicated that while the original inter-atomic vectorcomponent was sufficient to give the correct alignment of mostpairs of topologically equivalent proteins, the inclusion ofhydrogen bonds, torsion angles and a measure of solvent exposureled to improvements in the more difficult comparisons. Considerationof amino acid properties, including hydrophobicity, had no beneficialeffect. The failure of the latter component was not unexpectedconsidering the almost total lack of sequence similarity amongthe proteins considered.     

Molecular association complex of urea with polyethylene: 3. Structural studies of the complex

The crystal structure of urea-polyethylene complex in the hexagonal form, obtained by one of our preparation methods, is analysed by X-ray power diffractometry. In this analysis, the fixed molecular parameters of urea are used, and three models with respect to rotational disorder of the guest polyethylene molecule are assumed. It is shown that the host lattice structure constructed by urea molecules is essentially the same as that of urea-n-paraffin complex. Effects of the disorder structure of the guest on X-ray scattering of the complex are presented. However, there is a difficulty in identifying the disorder structure by X-ray analysis. With the aid of a potential energy calculation between the hexagonal urea tunnel and the guest molecule, a rotational disorder model is preferred.     

我国结构抗浮水位研究现状与展望

目前我国结构抗浮水位方面研究成果虽然很丰富, 但分歧很大, 不仅直接影响了实际工程中的应用, 同时也造成了研究工作自身缺乏系统性和延续性。为解决这一问题, 利用水文学、水力学和土力学等科学理论, 分别从抗浮水位基本概念、抗浮水位分析中两个基本问题(孔隙水压力和远期最高水位)的方法论和抗浮水位分析的技术体系等3个角度对既有研究成果进行了系统综述与客观分析。在抗浮水位基本概念方面, 根据地下水赋存和渗流理论, 将目前研究成果划分为二维、准三维和三维等3种类型, 提出了各自的数学表达式, 分析了三者之间逻辑关系, 讨论了各自的科学性和适用性。在孔隙水压力分析方法方面, 尤其是孔隙水压力折减问题, 对基于渗流理论和有效应力原理的经典分析方法进行系统评述的同时, 还对当前讨论热烈的基于结合水理论的分析方法进行了梳理评价。在地下水远期最高水位预测方面, 着重讨论了历史最高水位法、基于宏观数据反演法和数值分析法等3种方法的优缺点及需要完善之处。在抗浮水位分析技术体系方面, 以北京地区为例对该类问题作了简要总结与评述。最后, 对抗浮水位研究与应用现状进行了概要性评述, 并结合我国国情, 对未来工作提出了展望与建议。     

Benchmarking Fluvial Dynamics for Process‐Based River Restoration: the Upper Rhine River (1816–2014)

Multi‐temporal analysis of river‐floodplain processes is a key tool for the identification of reference conditions or benchmarks and for the evaluation of deviations or deficits as a basis for process‐based river restoration in large modified rivers. This study developed a methodology for benchmarking fluvial processes at river segment level, focusing on those interrelations between morphodynamics (aggradation, erosion, channel shift) and vegetation succession (initial, colonization, transition) that condition habitat structure. Habitat maps of the free‐flowing Upper Rhine River downstream from Iffezheim dam (France–Germany border) were intersected with a geographic information system‐based approach. Patches showing trajectories of anthropization, changeless, progression and regression allowed for the identification of natural and human‐induced processes over almost 200 years. Before channelization, the riverine system was characterized by a shifting habitat mosaic with natural heterogeneity, high degree of surface water connectivity and equilibrium between progression and regression processes. On the other hand, the following 175 years of human interventions led to severe biogeomorphologic deficits evidenced by loss of natural processes and habitat heterogeneity, hydrological disconnection between the river and its floodplain and imbalance of progression versus regression dynamics. The main driving forces of change are found in hydromorphological impacts (channelization, regulation and hydropower plant construction). Regression processes are now almost absent and have to be the objective of process‐based river restoration measures for the studied river‐floodplain system. A sustainable view on water management and river restoration should aim at a more resilient riverine system by balancing the recovery of natural processes with societal needs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PSU/PES-C相容性对合金膜结构和性能的影响

通过混合焓法预测并用相差显微镜表征了PSU／PES-C合金体系的相容性，表明二者为相容合金体系，合金膜中聚合物的组成影响PSU与PES-C间的相容性，进而影响合金膜的结构和性能：研究表明，随合金体系相容性的降低，膜的平均孔径显著增加，水通量增大而相应的截留率下降；改变PSU与PES-C间的相容性是调节膜结构、提高膜性能的有效方法。     

大丝束聚丙烯腈基预氧丝炭化研究

采用正交实验法研究了炭化温度、炭化时间、升温速率等因素对两种聚丙烯腈基预氧丝炭化产物结构和性能的影响.结果表明,进口东邦48 K大丝束聚丙烯腈基预氧丝环化程度优于国产吉林6 K小丝束聚丙烯腈基预氧丝,在炭化温度950℃,升温速率4℃/min,保温时间10 min条件下,炭化可取得最佳性能,炭化产物纤维拉伸强度达2.96 GPa,而国产吉林6 K小丝束在炭化温度1 100℃,升温速率4℃/min,保温时间5 min条件下炭化产物性能最佳,产物炭纤维拉伸强度近3.80 GPa.伴随两种预氧丝炭化过程,纤维颜色加深,表面缺陷减少,拉伸断裂模式均由假塑性向脆性过渡,为复合材料低成本开发中预氧丝坯体制备与炭化工艺提供了参考依据.